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BY 

IDA SHAW MARTIN 

A. B. 



THIRD EDITION 



1909 



IN''' 



Coprri«ht«l 1905. 1907 and 1909 
By IDA SHAW MARTIN 



248755 



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Ct)e Itacburgb ^zUi 



^xtfut to tt\t Ctjirti (EtJittott. 

Not counting the Supplement published in October, 1908, 
the present edition is the third within two years and a half. 
It is brought out in response to the insistent demand of sorority- 
leaders and members generally, who have found the book in- 
dispensable in their study of the fraternity system. 

The plate of fraternity badges remains the same as in the 
second edition, but the frontispiece is new. A somewhat 
different arrangement has been employed from that used in 
former sorority plates. The first fourteen pins belong to so- 
rorities in the National Pan-Hellenic Conference, and with one 
exception. Alpha Xi Delta, are placed according to the official 
list. This badge should be in the ninth place, but its location 
there would have destroyed the harmony of the plate, so the 
author took the liberty to make the change. The next seven 
badges belong to the other sororities listed in Class A. They 
are placed chronologically. The last three belong to Class B 
sororities. 

The illustrations are ^^life size^' and were made from badges 
furnished by the official jewelers. Special acknowledgment is 
due the D. L. Auld Company, the Bunde and Upmeyer Com- 
pany, Burr, Patterson & Company, A. H. Fetting, J. F. Newman, 
Frederick T. Widmer, The Wilbur, Lanphear Company, and 



Wright, Kay & Company, who have spared no efforts to make 
the plate a success. 

So many requests have come from small sororities for 
representation that it may be well to state the limitations that 
have been made. Class A includes those that have one or more 
chapters in institutions that are listed as A colleges, or as co- 
educational colleges, by the Commissioner of Education. Class 
B includes only such of the smaller societies as are rivals of one 
or more of the Class A sororities. Two sororities listed in the 
second edition are missing from the present issue. Delta Sigma 
was absorbed by Alpha Omicron Pi and Gamma Beta Sigma 
by Alpha Sigma Alpha. A fourth sorority should be listed 
under medical societies, but the data came too late. This is 
Nu Sigma Phi, founded March 15, 1898, with chapters located 
at Chicago, Illinois and Indiana. 

The alphabetical arrangement of chapter rolls is the same 
as in the second edition, but a new feature has been introduced 
in the use of italics to designate the colleges where each sorority 
was founded. When not indicated in the roll the mother chap- 
ter will be found under the head of Necrology. 

Ida Shaw Martin. 
(Mrs. W^m. Holmes Martin.) 

September 15, 1909. 



CHAPTER I. 

The Higher Education of Women. 

To the popular mind the higher education of women 
is synonymous with a college education. Strictly speaking 
the term covers a wider field and includes professional as well 
as collegiate training. The college girl is probably quite 
familiar with the four types of institutions at which the alumnae 
of secondary schools may continue their education, viz., the 
coeducational college, the independent college, the affiliated 
college and the coordinate college. 

Coeducation is the popular and prevailing system of college 
education in the United States. About seventy per cent of 
the five hundred colleges in the country are coeducational, 
while there are only fourteen independent colleges of the first 
rank, six affiliated colleges and about the same number of 
coordinate colleges. To understand the reasons for this 
characteristic feature as a well-defined policy in our system 
of education, we must turn back the pages of our country's 
history. 

The close of the revolution found the American States 
independent, but not united. The country was without 
a head and Congress without power. There was distress 
and discontent on all sides, for business was at a standstill 
and the country was in danger of dropping to pieces. A 
fortunate circumstance at this critical period was the com- 



2 The Higher Education. 

mon interest that seven of the thirteen states had in the Great 
Northwest Territory. The people were buoyed up by the 
hope that these states would release their claims and by trans- 
ferring their interests to the national government would 
furnish Congress with the means to pay off the war debt. 
This generosity was of far-reaching significance in its influence 
upon education in the Western States. The thirteen original 
colonies had copied closely the educational systems of the 
Old World, particularly those of England. The great North- 
west Territory was sparsely settled and education was at best 
embryonic. An ordinance passed in 1787 by the Continental 
Congress provided for the government of this vast section and 
specified that there should be a reservation in every township 
for the maintenance of public schools. This was later inter- 
preted as providing also for the reservation of lands for uni- 
versity endowment. In this way the future of the state 
university was assured. At the time this ordinance was passed, 
however, there was no thought in the minds of the legislators 
that a strong impulse was given to the higher education of 
women. The daughters of colonial homes were busy with 
baking and brewing, with spinning and weaving, with the 
manifold household duties for which no labor-saving devices 
had yet been invented. Even the daughters of the well-to-do 
had little time or interest for any education save such superficial 
knowledge as might be acquired at the fashionable finishing 
school. 

|The half century following the Revolution was noteworthy 
for the establishment of district schools and academies, and 
for the awakening of new ideas concerning the education of 



The Higher Education. 3 

girls. The year 1830, when the first locomotive was built, 
is an epoch-marking date in the history of the United States 
and no less so in the history of the higher education for women. 
The building of railroads and the consequent growth of cities 
was followed by a great revival in educational interests, re- 
sulting in state supervision and the opening of high and normal 
schools for girls. The years immediately following witnessed 
the transfer of many industries from the home to the factory 
and deprived women of their usual occupations, leaving them a 
large measure of leisure. 

It is not to conservative New England, so lavish with 
her gifts to her sons, but to pioneer Ohio that we must look 
for the beginning of college education for women. Oberlin 
College, opened in 1833 as the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, 
but not chartered as a college until 1850, was the first institu- 
tion to offer advanced courses to women as well as men. In 
1836 Mary Lyon secured a charter from the Massachusetts 
Legislature for Mount Holyoke Seminary, which though it did 
not pretend to offer collegiate courses yet stood firm for serious 
work and high standards. Wesleyan College, incorporated 
by the Legislature of Georgia and opened in 1839, was the first 
woman^s college to receive a charter from any state, and was 
one of a number of schools opened about this same time in the 
South for the higher education of women. Galesburg, 111., is 
worthy of mention as having had enterprise enough to support 
two colleges, Knox and Lombard, both of which admitted 
women practically from the beginning, the former in 1845, 
the latter in 1851. In 1853 Antioch College in Ohio was opened 
under the presidency of Horace Mann and admitted men and 



4 The Higher Education. 

women on equal terms. Elmira College, established in 1855 
by the Presbyterian Synod, was the first woman's college in 
the north to receive a charter. The state universities of 
Utah and Iowa, opened respectively in 1850 and 1856, admitted 
women from the first. A few institutions under religious con- 
trol in the Middle West, bearing the name of college, but doing 
work little higher than the first class secondary schools of the 
present time, were induced to admit women as the result of 
these experiments. Except, however, in the districts, where 
the influence of these pioneer schools was felt, little marked 
progress was made. Women were still the slaves of tradition. 
Strangely enough it is to the Civil War that we must look 
for the complete emancipation of women educationally. The 
continuous fighting during the four years of the war and the 
consequent drafts upon the Northern states for soldiers drained 
this section of its men and led to the employment of women as 
teachers in the secondary schools. This arrangement, at first 
considered only temporary, proved to be permanent, and 
thinking men soon realized that the much debated question of 
higher education for women had become a matter of expediency. 
In this time of immediate need what was more natural than 
that the people should demand that existing colleges hitherto 
sacred to men should open their doors to women? The 
well-endowed universities made a strong stand against what 
they considered an intrusion. They claimed that they did 
this from a sense of duty to the past, to the founders and 
givers of endowments. The state universities, however, 
could make no such plea. Their endowments came from state 
or federal government without restriction as to sex, and the 



The Higher Education. 5 

people failed to see the need of establishing separate colleges 
for women when the state universities were already in existence. 
Before long their doors, willingly or unwillingly, swung open to 
maid as well as man, — Kansas and Minnesota in 1866, Indiana 
in 1868, Missouri, Michigan, Illinois and California in 1870, 
Nebraska in 1871, Ohio in 1873, Wisconsin in 1874. The 
opening of the University of Michigan to women was in direct 
opposition to the wishes of the faculty upon demand from the 
state legislature and is interesting as showing the sentiment of 
the people. All state universities organized since 1871 have 
admitted women from the first. 

Conditions in the states along the Atlantic seaboard were 
very different. There were no state universities and the 
famous colleges already established refused to admit women. 
Certain concessions to be sure have been made after prolonged 
agitation, as in the case of Radcliffe, opened as Harvard Annex 
in 1879, incorporated as a college for women in 1894 and grant 
ing its own degrees, where the instruction is given by members 
of the Harvard faculty and the diplomas countersigned by the 
President of Harvard University as a guarantee that the degrees 
are equivalent to the corresponding degrees given by the 
university; again in the case of Barnard, opened in 1889 and 
incorporated in 1900 as an undergraduate woman's college of 
Columbia University, where the instruction is given entirely 
by professors appointed by Columbia University trustees 
and assigned to service in Barnard, where the A. B. degree 
is granted by the university and women who have taken their 
first degree are admitted to the university on the same terms as 
men, and lastly, in the case of the Woman's College of Brown 



6 The Higher Education. 

University, established as a regular department in 1897, though 
women were admitted informally as early as 1892. These 
concessions grudgingly given turned many promising young 
women, who resented this attitude of what they considered 
selfish monopoly, to the independent colleges for women and 
resulted in the marked and vigorous growth of these institu- 
tions in the East. Of these there are ten, Elmira, Vassar, Wells, 
Wellesley, and Smith, chartered within the third quarter of the 
nineteenth century, the last four within a period of ten years, 
and Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke, Woman^s College of Baltimore, 
Randolph-Macon Woman's College and Trinity, established 
within the last twenty years. Rockford College in Illinois, 
opened as a seminary in 1849, chartered as a college in 1892, 
and still retaining a preparatory department, and Mills College 
in California, opened as a seminary in 1871, chartered as a 
college in 1885, and still countenancing a seminary, are ex- 
amples of the only independent colleges for women in the vast 
section devoted to coeducation and by their smallness bear 
eloquent testimony to the popular demand for coeducation. 

Newcomb College at New Orleans, opened in 1886 and 
affiliated with Tulane University, but entirely distinct as 
regards its location and faculty, and Florida College for Women, 
opened in 1905 as an affiliated college of the state university, 
which became coeducational in 1888, are examples of the old- 
time Southern prejudice. The abandonment of coeducation 
at W^estern Reserve University in 1888 after a trial of sixteen 
years, and the establishment of a coordinate college for women 
under the university charter resulted from a decision of the 
trustees to call the college back to its original purpose, to edu- 



The Higher Education. 7 

cate men only, a decision which seemed the wisest solution of 
the difficulties growing out of an attempt to engraft coeducation 
upon an institution modelled after New England ideas. The 
decision of the trustees of Wesleyan University to limit the 
number of women admitted in any one year to twenty per cent of 
the whole number of students enrolled in the preceding year 
and their later acknowledgment of defeat when they voted to 
admit no women after the class of 1913, may be taken as another 
instance of the futility of the attempt to introduce coeducation 
into a New England college. The segregation policy of Chicago 
University, adopted by the trustees in October, 1902, whereby 
separate instruction is provided as far as possible for men and 
women during the freshman and sophomore years, was ex- 
plained by President Harper as due in a large measure to the 
proximity of the university to a great metropolis and the 
increasing enrolment of young women students. The decision 
of the trustees of Leland Stanford, Jr., University to limit 
the number of women students to five hundred at any time is, 
according to President Jordan, in harmony with the founder's 
purpose. 

The aim of the trustees of Middlebury College in establish- 
ing a coordinate institution in 1903 after twenty years of co- 
education and the complete separation of the two in the re- 
quired work of the first two years is said to be due to a desire 
to make suitable and adequate provision for the culture and 
intellectual training of young women, to enable them to enjoy 
a more distinct social life while in college and, to provide for 
them an independent system of honors and prizes. The College 
for Women opened at Bucknell University in 1905, though at 



8 The Higher EDrcAxiox. 

present only a hall of residence, since very little instruction i? 
given separately, is nevertheless the beginning of a definite 
plan for separation. The system of coordination in vogue at 
Colby for the past ten years and the very recent decision of the 
trustees to introduce separation in chapel exercises a::d to 
estabUsh. as soon as funds will w:,r::.:;:. an affiliated college 
for women seems to be the accepted solution of the vexatious 
problem of pro\iding collegiate instruction for women in con- 
nection with well-established colleges for men along the Atlantic 
seaboard. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 



CHAPTER II. 

The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

The year 1776, remarkable in the annals of history as 
witnessing the beginning of a mighty nation through the 
union of thirteen colonies, ^^ a union that was to stand pre- 
eminently for the brotherhood of man, saw also the foundations 
laid for another union, another brotherhood, that, like its 
prototype, was destined to grow into a mighty power. On 
the fifth of December, the Phi Beta Kappa Society was founded 
at William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va. This was 
the first of the secret Greek-Letter Societies and therefore the 
parent of the modern fraternity system, which has become so 
large a factor in the college life of the United States. 

The originators of Phi Beta Kappa made early provision 
for charter grants to other colleges, yet nearly half a century 
passed before its roll numbered five chapters and before another 
Greek-Letter society was founded. Colleges were few and 
scattered, the country in the throes of a great war. The colleges 
established prior to the Revolution were but nine in number, 
Harvard (1636), Wilham and Mary (1693), Yale (1701), 
Princeton (1746), King's now Columbia (1754), Pennsylvania 
(1757), Rutgers (1763), Brown (1764), and Dartmouth (1770). 
No small proportion of their endowment had come from the 
mother country, but the Declaration of Independence naturally 



10 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

put an end to donations from England and crippled the re- 
sources of existing colleges. The period of business de- 
pression immediately following the close of the war, the general 
instability of the government, the continued difficulties with 
England resulting in the War of 1812, were not conducive to 
ease of mind or educational progress. 

The years from 1821 to 1837, however, found the country 
in a flourishing condition. The United States had demon- 
strated on land and sea its right to be considered a world power. 
Its credit was good, its people prosperous. The tremendous 
impluse given to trade and immigration by the use of steam 
as a motive power, the rapid development of the country owing 
to the construction of state roads and artificial waterways, the 
mighty stimulus afforded public thought by the daily appear- 
ance of the penny newspaper, the great awakening of interest 
in popular education as a result of the heroic labors of Horace 
Mann in Massachusetts and of Henry Barnard in New York, had 
produced a nation that was alert and enterprising. It was 
but natural that these same years of peace, prosperity and 
progress should witness the establishment of many new colleges 
as well as a great increase in matriculation at the older institu- 
tions. While a college is small it is possible for every student 
to know intimately all the others and to be in close touch with 
the different members of the faculty, but as the numbers in- 
crease the personal relation between professor and student is 
eliminated more and more, and the undergraduates are forced 
to find sympathetic companionship in a small group of classmates. 
So long as a boy is conscious of sympathy and interest on the 
part of the family in himself, his hopes, his plans, his ambitions. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 11 

he wilfseek no^further, but the moment he has lost faith in those 
of his own household he will go elsewhere in search of the perfect 
understanding that his nature craves. The American professor 
is a boy at heart, he understands young men, but the pressure 
of work is severe both in and out of the classroom and there is a 
limit to human possibilities, to human endurance. The crowded 
classroom, the ascetic dormitory, the cheerless boarding house 
gave birth to the fraternity. They have given birth to worse 
impulses, but to no better. That the fraternity became a 
college society instead of a more limited organization, that it 
eventually included members from all undergraduate classes 
instead of being restricted to those of one particular year is a 
tribute to the democratic spirit and magnanimity of the Ameri- 
can college student. 

The need and attractiveness of these organizations is 
attested to by the fact that fourteen vigorous fraternities 
were founded at Northern colleges within the next quarter 
century,— Kappa Alpha, 1825, Sigma Phi, 1827, Delta Phi, 1827, 
all three at Union, Alpha Delta Phi, Hamilton, 1832, Psi 
Upsilon, Union, 1833, Delta Upsilon, Williams, 1834, Beta 
Theta Pi, Miami, 1839, Chi Psi, Union, 1841, Delta Kappa 
Epsilon, Yale, 1844, Delta Psi, Columbia, 1847, Zeta Psi, New 
York University, 1847, Phi Gamma Delta, Jefferson, 1848, 
Phi Delta Theta, Miami, 1848, Theta Delta Chi, Union, 1848. 
The period from 1850 to the Civil War was an era of instability, 
yet six new fraternities came into existence, four in the North 
and two in the South, — Phi Kappa Sigma, Pennsylvania, 1850, 
Phi Kappa Psi, Jefferson, 1852, Chi Phi, Princeton, 1854, which 
lays claim to being a revival of a similarly named society 



12 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

established at the same college thirty years before, Sigma Chi, 
Miami, 1855, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Alabama, 1856, Delta Tau 
Delta, Bethany, 1859. The five years immediately following 
the close of the Civil War are remarkable as gi\dng birth to 
five fraternities and those all founded in Virginia, — Alpha 
Tau Omega, Virginia Military Institute, 1865, Kappa Alpha 
(Southern Order), Washington and Lee, 1865, Pi Kappa Alpha, 
University of Virginia, 1868, Kappa Sigma, University of 
Virginia, 1869, Sigma Nu, Virginia Military Institute, 1869. 
These twenty-five fraternities, together with one other, Phi 
Sigma Kappa, founded at the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
lege in 1873, had the field practically to themselves for more 
than thirty years, but the twentieth century is giving evidence 
of renewed activity in founding fraternities, for the year 1901 
alone gave birth to three new societies that have made a place for 
themselves already, — Omega Pi Alpha and Delta Sigma Phi 
founded at the College of the City of New York and Sigma Phi 
Epsilon established at Richmond. Alpha Chi Rho, founded at 
Trinity College, also came into prominence about this same time. 
Theta Chi, after nearly half a century as a local at Norwich 
University, felt the call to expand in 1903 and has since then 
been growing steadily. 

When opportunities for collegiate training became a possi- 
bility for women it was but natural, especially in the coedu- 
cational institutions, that college girls should be anxious to 
enjoy the manifest advantages that membership in these secret 
organizations secured. It was not surprising, then, to find that 
one-third of the existing sororities were founded at coeducational 
colleges within three years after the admission of women. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 13 

The first secret society for women, so far as is known, was the 
Adelphean, founded at Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga., in 1851, 
which changed its name to the Alpha Delta Phi Sorority in 1903. 
A similar club was the Philomathean, which was organized 
in 1852, and which became Phi Mu in 1904. Both were sus- 
pended for a few years during the Civil War owing to the 
closing of the institution, but were kept alive through the 
efforts of resident members. Another society, founded in 1856, 
and interesting historically as probably the first one composed 
of women to bear a Greek name was Chi Theta Delta, which 
existed for several years at the Troy Female Seminary and 
which was instituted by delegations from the Rensselaer and 
Union chapters of Theta Delta Chi. The oldest secret organiza- 
tion to enjoy an uninterrupted existence up to the present day 
was Kappa Sigma, founded at Elmira College in 1856. This 
was followed ten years later by Phi Mu at the same college. 
Neither of these societies began life with Greek names, but the 
change was made very early in their history. The first national 
organization, or sorority, was the I. C. Sorosis, founded at Mon- 
mouth College in 1867, and known since 1888 as Pi Beta Phi. 
The first sorority to bear a Greek name was Kappa Alpha Theta, 
founded at De Pauw University in 1870. The establishment of 
Kappa Kappa Gamma in this same year at Monmouth College, 
of Alpha Phi at Syracuse University in 1872, of Delta Gamma 
at Louis Institute, — a boarding school for girls at Oxford, Miss., 
the seat of the State University, in January, 1874, of Gamma Phi 
Beta at Syracuse University and of Sigma Kappa at Colby 
College in November of that same year, of Phi Sigma and Zeta 
Alpha at Wellesley in 1876, shows how simultaneous and spon- 



14 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

taneoiis was the development of the fraternity idea among col- 
lege women in different sections of the country. There is no 
doubt that numerous similar organizations existed in other col- 
leges, for sorority records show a number of instances where 
such societies applied for charters and became enrolled as 
chapters of the more vigorous orders. The phenomenal 
gi'owth of the latter and the rise of the more recent soror- 
ities can be readily accounted for by the rapid increase in 
matriculation. 

Of the fourteen Greek-Letter societies established prior 
to 1880 and in existence today, all but three, Kappa Sigma 
and Phi Mu of Elmira and Zeta Alpha of Wellesley have es- 
tablished chapters, but only four, the I. C. Sorosis, Kappa 
Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Gamma were 
anything more than local organizations at that date. Alpha 
Phi established its second chapter at Northwestern in 1881, 
Gamma Phi Beta, its second at the University of Michigan in 
1882. Phi Sigma organized a branch at Wesleyan University in 
1893, but this became extinct after an existence of ten years. 
Sigma Kappa waited nearly thirty years before granting its 
first charter to petitioners at Boston University in 1904. Alpha 
Delta Phi and Phi Mu remained locals for more than half a 
century. The fact that barely twenty chapters established 
between 1870 and 1880 have had an unbroken existence is a 
striking proof of the general disfavor with which the higher 
education of women was regarded in its experimental stage. 
The establishment of sixty-three ^dgorous chapters during the 
next decade shows conclusively that the experiment was a 
success and that the sorority idea was becoming firmly en- 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 15 

trenched. The granting of sixty charters to college petitioners 
between 1890 and 1900 bears testimony to the growing pop- 
ularity of collegiate training for women. The fact that nearly 
one hundred and fifty college chapters have been established 
in less than a decade and that many new sororities have come 
into prominence within that same period would indicate that 
the twentieth century is extending the heartiest kind of welcome 
to the sorority as well as to the college girl. 

One interesting phase in the evolution of the system has 
been the organization of special sororities by musical and 
medical students. Though by no means affecting such large 
numbers of matriculates, they are solving the same problems 
that confront the literary sororities, especially along the line 
of providing opportunities for the growth of congenial friend- 
ships. The simple social life that these organizations make a 
possibility is a great boon to those who are in a measure shut 
out from active participation in the general college life that 
centres about the academic departments of the large univer- 
sities. 

Distribution of Chapters. 

Of the twenty-three literary sororities having one or more 
chapters in colleges of the highest rank, three, Pi Beta Phi, 
Kappa Alpha Theta and Kappa Kappa Gamma, have over 
thirty chapters. These and two others, Delta Delta Delta and 
Chi Omega, both rapidly nearing the thirty chapter mark, are 
found in all sections of the country. Delta Gamma, though by 
birth a southern sorority, has now no chapter south of Mason and 



16 The Evolution' of the Sorority System. 

Dixon's line. Alpha Delta Phi and Phi Mu confined themselves 
to the South for more than half a century. In addition to this 
there are three sororities that seem at present essentially South- 
ern. Kappa Delta. Sigma Sigma Sigma and Zeta Tau Alpha, all 
organized at the Virginia State Normal School. Virginia has 
always been noted as a fraternity stronghold and was the birth- 
place of seven fraternities, Phi Beta Kappa. Alpha Tau Omega, 
Southern Kappa Alpha. Kappa Sigma. Pi Kappa Alpha, Sigma 
Xu and Sigma Phi Epsilon. Until 1893. when Randolph-Ma- 
con Woman's College was opened, no provision had been made 
by Mrginia for the higher education of her daughters. Indeed 
until the Normal School was opened in 1SS4 there was not a 
scientific laboratory in the entire state accessible to women. 
Presenting, then, for nine years the only opportunity for ad- 
vanced work, it is not strange that this school attracted a su- 
perior class of students, many of them daughters of professors 
in the colleges of the state and consequently in touch with the 
fraternity idea since early childhood. Therefore the establish- 
ment of these three secret societies was in no wise a peculiar 
circumstance, but simply a natural outcome of the wide-spread 
activity of the fraternities among the men of Virginia. Owing 
to the fact that coeducation is not so popular in the South as 
in the Middle West, which has always been the sorority strong- 
hold, opportunities for extension were naturally limited and 
some of the earlier charter grants were made to institutions be- 
low collegiate rank. It is generally understood, however, that 
this is only a temporary arrangement and that these chapters 
will be retained only until such time as the sororities are strong 
enough to dispense with them. Zeta Tau Alpha^ at its con- 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 17 

vention in June, 1906, was the first to raise its standards by 
dropping from its roll all chapters not located at colleges. 
Sigma Sigma Sigma soon followed with a decision to enter only 
institutions of collegiate rank. A fourth society founded at the 
Virginia State Normal School, Alpha Sigma Alpha, has recently 
placed chapters above the seminary rank, so it is doubtless only 
a question of time when all these essentiall}^' Southern orders 
will have chapter rolls that will compare favorably with those of 
the older sororities. Alpha Omicron Pi, founded in the North, 
has one-fourth of its chapters in the South. Alpha Xi Delta, 
founded in Illinois, and Sigma Kappa, founded in Maine, have 
both called attention to themselves by the rapidity with which 
they have recently placed branches at considerable distance 
from the parent chapter. No student of the sorority system 
could fail to notice the rather remarkable similarity in the case 
of Alpha Phi and Gamma Phi Beta as regards birthplace, age, 
monogram badge and chapter roll. 



Extension. 

Approximately speaking the number of men enrolled in the 
colleges of the United States is twice that of the women. Ex- 
clusive of professional societies, which have no real bearing on 
the case in point, the fraternities are twice as numerous as the 
sororities. When, however, it comes to a question of the rela- 
tive number of chapters, statistics show that there are four 
fraternity chapters to every sorority chapter, even when local 
societies at the women's colleges that are unfriendly to the 



18 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

national sorority idea are counted in the total number. The 
natural inference would be that the sorority is not so popular 
with college women as the fraternity is with college men. An}^- 
one, however, who knows how many local societies have pe- 
titions before the sororities is aware how very far from true such 
an inference would be. A certain proportion of these petitions, 
to be sure, has come from colleges w^hich have not reached the 
standards set by the leading universities of the country and 
which, therefore, will fail to meet the first requirements of the 
largest and most popular sororities, but, even when these ap- 
plications are omitted from the list, enough remain so that it 
would not be a very difficult matter for the sororities to double 
their chapter rolls by accession from colleges that have been ad- 
mitted by common consent to be eligible to consideration. 
Few locals have the courage to become the nucleus of a 
national organization, but prefer to wait anywhere from two 
to ten years for recognition from some well-known sorority. 
They reason that while they stand alone they have only them- 
selves to consider, whereas if they were to place chapters of 
their own organization in other colleges, they would lose the 
local prestige that comes from having a petition before a famous 
sorority and would have to meet their rivals as a chapter of a 
weak society. Confident of securing the coveted charter by 
patience and persistency and of acquiring, thereby, the reputa- 
tion that would come to them as a branch of some famous order, 
they continue to keep their petition before the sorority of their 
choice, even after they have been assured repeatedly of the 
impossibility of a charter grant and have been advised to apply 
elsewhere. Deference to the wishes of their alumnae and con- 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 19 

sideration for their own immediate welfare in the matter of 
rushing determine to a large degree their attitude in this matter. 
There is probably no sorority that has not cherished, at 
some time in its career, the idea of entering the famous inde- 
pendent colleges for women. The high standards, the large 
enrolment, two things that mean plenty of good sorority 
material, have always proved very attractive to organizations 
that, like Phi Beta Kappa, are anxious to have their chapter 
rolls stand for the best in education. Two independent colleges 
for women, Baltimore and Randolph-Macon, and several 
affiliated colleges, Newcomb, Barnard, Middlebury and Brown 
admit national sororities, but up to the present time the big 
colleges, Vassar, Wellesley, Smith, Bryn Mawr and Mt. Holyoke, 
and several smaller ones, as well as one affiliated, Western Re- 
serve, are closed to these organizations, though a number have 
local secret societies. This condition of affairs is in part 
due to faculty decision and in part to student indifference. 
When local secret societies are fostered, there is a feeling 
perhaps on the part of the administration that this particu- 
lar kind of organization adds a bit of local color, creates an 
esprit de corps, gives a certain personnel to the college. There 
is a feeling, too, that the national sorority, by demanding 
allegiance, requiring dues, publishing magazines and holding 
conventions, may weaken the interest in the alma mater. 
This is a fallacy. The sororities always do arouse interest 
in other colleges and in the whole movement for the higher 
education of women, in the problems that confront college 
girls, problems that faculties have not solved and are not 
solving, that college girls alone can solve, but they do not 



20 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

weaken any student's interest in her own college. When she 
meets her sisters from other universities, be it at convention 
or in the alumnae association, in public or in private, she knows 
she is always looked upon as a type of her alma mater, and she 
is more than anxious by conversation and deportment to show 
her college in a creditable light. From various sources she 
learns what other colleges are doing along certain lines, what 
new inspirations have come to do better and broader work, 
and she returns to her own chapter, to her own college, to praise 
where praise is due and where censure or improvement is 
needed, to seek through her own chapter and rival chapters 
to effect the necessary reforms. To believe there is only one 
college in the world, that this college is above reproach and 
incapable of improvement, is snobbishness. To see weaknesses 
in one's alma mater, to strengthen it by every means within 
one's power, to guard its interests jealously, this is loyalty. 
No one is so genuinely or so generously interested in her college 
as the sorority girl, no one has the opportunities that the sorority 
girl has to compare her own college with others. There may 
be a few colleges, having chapters of the national sororities, 
that seem lacking in college spirit, but a close investigation 
will show that this lack is not due to the presence of the fra- 
ternities, but to other causes. 

A university located in the heart of a large city finds it 
very difficult to inspire the same amount of college spirit that 
is secured with slight effort in a much smaller college situated 
in a village. The city university draws its students to a 
large extent from the towns within a radius of twenty-five miles. 
The marked improvements recently made in the matter of 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 21 

cheap and quick transit render it possible for many of the 
students to live at home during their entire college course. 
The hurried entrance upon the work of the day, the hasty exit 
after recitations in order to catch a train, the absence of dor- 
mitories, the lack of suitable boarding places in the congested 
districts of a large metropolis for the few who are forced to find 
temporary lodgment, the distractions and fascinations of a large 
city, the general indifference of the greater part of the citizens, 
are all potent agencies that work constantly against any very 
strong growth of college spirit. These same elements make 
it exceedingly difficult for the city university to have a satis- 
factory social life, always a great help in the development of a 
strong esprit de corps. Sorority life under these conditions is 
not without its drawbacks. Evening chapter meetings are 
entirely out of the question and those in the afternoon can sel- 
dom be arranged so as not to interfere with train schedules or 
the convenience of those members whose recitations are all in 
the morning. 

The college or university in the small town, on the other 
hand, fills the whole horizon for students, faculty, property 
owners and tradesmen and there is a marked local pride taken 
in everything that interests the students. They are people 
of importance in the village because of their association with the 
college, and since everybody thinks there is but one college 
in the whole world, they begin to think so too and develop 
immediately a very proper and lasting interest in their alma 
mater. With dormitories, halls of residence, fraternity and 
sorority houses on or near the campus, with boarding places and 
faculty houses within easy reach, it is possible for such a college 



22 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

to have a very delightful social life and to foster all sorts of 
student enterprises. Under such conditions fraternity and 
sorority life comes very near to being ideal, an interest that 
is second only to that felt for the college itself. 

Those who have studied deeply into fraternity conditions 
understand how very difficult it is to build up strong chapters 
in colleges that have no dormitory system or that have an 
enormous enrolment. One city, Cambridge, the home of 
Radcliffe and Harvard, will furnish illustration for both of 
these points. Radcliffe, with very little dormitory accommo- 
dation, draws its students largely from nearby cities and towns, 
and so much time is consumed in transit between the home and 
the college there is practically none left for the fostering of the 
life-long friendships that are such a valuable product. of com- 
munity life. Harvard, on the other hand, with its hundreds 
of students, its numerous dormitories, its almost inexhaustible 
supply of boarding houses, has never been found favorable 
ground for the planting of fraternity chapters. A very few 
do exist, but they are hampered by many difficulties. In the 
first place the city, its near neighbor, Boston, and the college 
itself offer unlimited attractions, so the fraternity finds few 
opportunities to fill spare moments with interest. Again, with 
the large entering classes and the elective system governing 
studies, there is but slight class cohesion and very little chance 
for upper class people to become well acquainted with the 
freshmen. Similar conditions exist at Yale with very similar 
results. 

It is thought by many sorority leaders that the large colleges 
for women would present the same problems as Harvard and 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 23 

Yale. The life of these institutions is already very complex. 
Every minute of a girFs spare time, every cent of her allowance, 
is spoken for many times over. The freshman class, moreover, 
by reason of its large enrolment would present innumerable 
difficulties in any attempt to become acquainted with the in- 
dividual members or to study them with a view to discovering 
their possibilities as good sorority material. Elections would 
necessarily have to be postponed and as a result the chapter 
would tend to become a class society as did Alpha Delta Phi, 
Psi Upsilon, Delta Kappa Epsilon and Zeta Psi at Yale, and 
toward which condition the local societies at Wellesley, Smith 
and Mt. Holyoke are surely tending. It remains for the future 
to show whether the great numbers at present unprovided for 
by these local clubs will establish similar organizations or ap- 
peal to the sororities for charters. New local societies, to be 
sure, would lack the prestige that the older ones have and which 
the sororities could furnish. The all important question, of 
course, with the sororities will be whether the large class society 
would be favorable to the best development of the sorority idea 
and ideal. The sorority idea means close friendship fostered 
by long association in common interests. The sorority ideal 
is the S3^mmetrically developed woman, the result of close 
confidence and lasting friendships with a few congenial spirits. 
A generation ago the sororities would have been glad 
to enter these colleges and succeeding years would have seen 
the number of chapters keeping pace with the increase in ma- 
triculation. Today any well-known sorority would think twice 
before entering, even though assured of a hearty welcome on 
the part of the administration. 



24 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

Standards. 

The Inter-Sorority Conference of 1905 defined a national 
sorority as one having at least five chapters, all of them at 
institutions of collegiate rank. No definition of ^'collegiate 
rank'' was attempted by the Conference and indeed there is no 
organization whose decision could be taken as official and final. 
Inasmuch as the United States exercises no federal control over 
the schools of the country, there is no national system of edu- 
cation and no national board of education to determine what 
particular kind or amount of work shall constitute a college or 
university. In the Annual Reports of the Department of the 
Interior, the United States Commissioner of Education puts 
all universities, colleges and technological schools, with the 
exception of those admitting women only, in one gioup without 
any attempt at classification. There is much interesting 
information to be gleaned from these reports concerning the 
valuation of the real estate and apparatus of the different col- 
leges and concerning the registration and faculty, but little to 
show that some of the five hundred are doing higher grade work 
than others. It is left to the student of college data to make 
his own deductions and the most natural inference is that a large 
endowment, a large corps of professors, a large registration, 
mean high standards, but conclusions from these premises 
alone are not necessarily correct. As has been already stated, 
conditions in the case of the colleges for women are somewhat 
different. Here the Commissioner has made two groups. 
Just what is the basis of decision is not stated, but Baltimore, 
Barnard, Bryn Mawr, Elmira, Mills, Mt. Holyoke, Newcomb, 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 25 

Radcliffe, Randolph-Macon, Rockford, Simmons, Smith, Trini- 
ty, Vassar, Wellesley, Wells and Wesleyan (Ga.), are put in the 
A class, while the colleges for women connected with Brown 
and Western Reserve are included in the reports of coedu- 
cational colleges, though they are quite distinct organizations. 

Thirty-five years ago when sororities were in their infancy 
the problem of extension was a serious one and a number of 
charters were granted to institutions but little higher in grade 
than the modern seminary. The last quarter century, how- 
ever, has witnessed great advances in the movement for the 
higher education of women. In order that the standards of 
the different sororities may be of the highest, it is imperative 
that great care should be taken to place new chapters only at 
such colleges and universities as are known to be of high grade. 
To this end the Inter-Sorority Conference has decided not to rec- 
ognize any order until its chapter roll meets certain require- 
ments. 

One organization that has done much to determine what the 
bachelor's degree should stand for is the Association of Col- 
legiate Alumnae. This was founded at Boston in November, 
1881, by seventeen college women, representing eight colleges, 
in the hope of uniting the alumnae of different institutions for 
practical educational work. Later by reason of the limitations 
placed upon admission, it came to be recognized as standing 
for the maintenance of high standards of education. No 
college applying for membership in the body corporate is 
examined unless it has fifty women graduates and an endow- 
ment of $500,000. A preparatory department under the 
government or instruction of the college faculty is also a bar. 



26 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

Great stress is laid upon the educational qualifications of the 
corps of instruction, the average available income and the value 
of the equipment of the institution for the work it undertakes. 
The colleges now on the list number twenty-four, seventeen 
coeducational, Boston, California, Chicago, Cornell, Illinois, 
Kansas, Leland Stanford, Jr., Mass. Institute of Technology, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ober- 
lin, Syracuse, Wesleyan, Wisconsin, four independent, Br3^n 
Mawr, Smith, Vassar, Wellesley and three affiliated, Barnard, 
Radcliffe, Western Reserve. 

A similar organization, founded at Knoxville, Tenn., in 
1903, is the Southern Association of College Women, which was 
an outgrowth of the clubs of Southern girls in Northern colleges. 
Its object is ^'to unite college women in the South for the pro- 
motion of higher education for women; to raise the standard of 
education for women; to develop preparatory schools, and to 
define the line of demarcation between preparatory schools and 
colleges.^' The corporate members are all colleges recognized 
by the Association of Collegiate Alumnae and by the Southern 
Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools, and fur- 
thermore any other college that the Association considers 
to be of the same rank as the aforesaid. The association 
hopes eventually to do work very similar to that done by 
its Northern protot3^pe, but at present it feels that it should 
devote most of its thought to educational problems of the 
South. 

Another agency that is making for uniform standards 
is the honorary society. A charter grant from Phi Beta 
Kappa means that the institution receiving it has met the 



The Evolution of the Sorokity System. 27 

requirements as to organization, equipment, financial standing, 
faculty, enrolment, curriculum and entrance examinations 
demanded by a body of men who are well qualified by training 
and experience to decide what the word college should mean. 
It does not always follow that a college is below grade because 
it has no chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. It is only recently that 
this honorary society began to become really representative 
and some well known colleges have not awakened to the need 
or meaning of a charter grant. Notable examples of this are 
Bryn Mawr and Radcliffe, on the list of the Association of 
Collegiate Alumnae and Indiana on the roll of Sigma Xi. 

It is interesting to note that of the 344 chapters accredited 
to the 23 literary sororities in Class A, 204, or sixty per cent are 
in colleges honored by Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi or 
Sigma Xi. Of the 140 chapters located at other institution, 
14 belong to Pi Beta Phi, 13 to Kappa Delta, 9 to Beta Sigma 
Omicron and Chi Omega, 8 to Alpha Xi Delta, Delta Delta 
Delta, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Phi 
Mu Gamma, 7 to Alpha Sigma Alpha and Phi Mu, 6 to Sigma 
Sigma Sigma and Zeta Tau Alpha, 5 to Alpha Delta Phi and 
Alpha Kappa Psi, 4 to Alpha Chi Omega, 3 to Delta Gamma and 
Sigma Kappa, 2 to Alpha Gamma Delta and Gamma Phi Beta, 
1 to Alpha Omicron Pi, Alpha Phi and Delta Zeta. A careful 
study of these figures will show that the higher numbers belong 
to the oldest and largest societies or else to the youngest. There 
can be no question that another decade will show a marked 
improvement in this particular, for many colleges at present 
on the sorority rolls and without honorary societies will receive 
charter grants. Their standards even now will meet the re- 



28 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

quirements. In many cases it is only a question of petitioning 
Phi Beta Kappa six months before the national convention. 

Among other forces at work to secure a unification of 
standards in the college entrance examinations may be men- 
tioned the New England Association of Colleges and Preparatory 
Schools, the Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools 
of the Middle States and Maryland, the Association of the Col- 
leges and Preparatory Schools of the Southern States and the 
North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. 

Qovernment. 

The supreme governing body of the sororities is the National 
Convention which meets annually or biennially, but in order 
that important questions requiring immediate decision may 
receive attention during the interim, it is customary for the 
sororities to place a certain amount of legislative, judicial and 
executive power in the hands of a few members who are re- 
sponsible to the succeeding convention for their acts and who 
constitute what is known as the Grand Council, the Executive 
Committee, or the Grand Chapter, as the case may be. The 
number of members elected for this purpose differs somewhat in 
the different sororities, but a President, a Vice-President, a 
Secretary, a Treasurer and where a magazine is published, 
an Editor, are always found among the officers, though in seven 
cases, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Alpha Phi, Gamma Phi Beta, 
Kappa Delta, Alpha Omicron Pi, Sigma Kappa and Alpha 
Delta Phi, the Editor is not ranked as a member of the execu- 
tive staff. These five officers are usually sufficient for a small 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 29 

sorority, but where the chapter roll numbers more than twenty, 
the task of welding so many separate units into a harmonious 
whole becomes a serious problem. Hence it has come to pass 
that the older and larger sororities have found it necessary to 
create new offices in order that no member of the executive 
staff may have more work than she can accomplish satisfactorily 
and in order that every phase of fraternity development 
may receive its due share of attention. The sororities are 
tending more and more toward retaining for longer periods 
than the usual interim of two years between conventions, 
those officers who show special ability along certain lines. 

Kappa Kappa Gamma is unique in electing its editor, 
historian and director of catalogue for a term of ten years. 
Gamma Phi Beta has a well-defined policy of advancing her 
officers each year. The governing board consists of one 
member from each alumnae chapter and as each president 
retires, the chapter that she has represented elects some one 
who takes her place at the foot of the line and works up through 
the various offices. Delta Gamma's method is to elect its 
executive staff for a term of four years, the election of the 
president and treasurer alternating with that of the vice- 
president and secretary. Each convention designates the 
chapters from which the new officers are to come, and these 
chapters elect the officers for the ensuing term. The editor is 
frequently re-elected several times. Alpha Phi's plan of 
choosing officers, first from one section of the country and then 
from another, has much to recommend it. Alpha Omicron Pi 
has paid its four founders a great tribute in making them life 
members of the Grand Council. 



30 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

Publications. 

The publications of the sororities are of two kinds, those 
that may be seen by the uninitiated and those issued for 
members only. To the first class belong the magazines, 
the catalogues or directories, the song books, the histories and 
the calendars. Among the secret issues are the constitutions, 
convention reports, bulletins and rituals. 

The magazines are usually quarterlies and devote most 
of their space to reports from chapters and personals about 
alumnae. Under the head of Exchanges each editor endeavors 
to keep her subscribers informed of all that is passing in the 
fraternity world. The years between 1870 and 1880 are note- 
worthy as marking the period during which a great impulse was 
given to fraternity joiu'nalism by the publication of magazines 
by many of the men's orders. The sororities were quick to see 
the advantages that such issues had and the next decade saw- 
five in the field, — " The Golden Key " of Kappa Kappa Gamma 
in 1882. " The Anchora " of Delta Gamma, '' The Arrow '* of 
Pi Beta Phi. "The Kappa Alpha Theta" in 1885 and "The Alpha 
Phi Quarterly " in 1888. Delta Delta Delta followed with 
" The Trident " in 1891, Alpha Chi Omega with " The L>Te '' 
in 1894 and Chi Omega with " The Eleusis '' in 1899. The last 
eight years have brought out " The Crescent '^ of Gamma Phi 
Beta. " The Alpha Xi Delta," " Themis of Zeta Tau Alpha,^^ 
'' The Angelos '' of Kappa Delta. '' The Triangle ^^ of Sigma 
Sigma Sigma. '' To Dragma '' of Alpha Omicron Pi, '' Mu Phi 
Epsilon Year Book," '' The Beta Sigma Omicron," '' The 
Aegis '" of Alpha Sigma Alpha, '' The Triangle of Sigma Kappa/' 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 31 

'' The Adelphean '' of Alpha Delta Phi, ^The Parchment '' of 
Sigma Iota Chi, '' The Aglaia '' of Phi Mu and '' The Adamas '' 
of Eta Upsilon Gamma. 

Catalogues or directories, have always been found very 
useful and have been issued with more or less frequency by 
all the sororities. The simple ones give merely the names 
and addresses of the members, but it is usual to find them well 
supplied with valuable historical data, the location and time of 
founding of each active and alumnae chapter, lists of present and 
past grand officers, chapter officers and statistical reports. 
The older and larger sororities find it a somewhat difficult task 
to compile their directories, and five. Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha 
Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Delta Delta Delta and Phi Mu 
have established card catalogues. The cards are sent out 
periodically with the request that the members return them to 
the cataloguer after answering the printed questions. It is 
possible in this way to secure promptly a great deal of ac- 
curate information, much of which is of permanent value. 

Song books have been published by all the large sororities 
and most of them are handsome volumes, filled with bright 
music and spirited poems, many of which possess distinct 
literary merit. 

All the sororities of prominence have established archives 
and the majority of them have an officer whose duty it is to 
collect and arrange historical date. Whenever historical 
matter has been given to the public it has usually appeared in 
some issue of the magazine, which is known henceforth as The 
Historical Number. Kappa Kappa Gamma issued a small 
pamphlet in 1903 for the use of its members and for distribution 



32 The Evolution of the Sorokity System. 

among its friends. The history of Delta Delta Delta, brought 
out in 1907, was the first and remained the only elaborate at- 
tempt in book form until 1909, when Chi Omega brought out a 
very attractive manual. 

None of the sororities have authorized official calendars, 
but a number of chapters and individuals have published 
very attractive issues that in addition to serving as appropriate 
souvenirs have possessed considerable historical and literary 
value. 

Constitutions, Convention Reports, Secret Bulletins and 
Rituals are not supposed to fall into the hands of any one who 
is not a member, so little is known of them by outsiders. It is 
not unusual, however, for members of different sororities, es- 
pecially when friends or relatives, to discuss the common prob- 
lems that confront the different organizations. In this way it 
is possible for those who are deeply interested in the advance- 
ment of the sorority idea to secure a very fair knowledge of the 
policies and regulations of the various organizations as laid 
down in the different constitutions. 

Convention Reports are not guarded with any great care 
and on many occasions very important decisions have been 
made public through discussions in the magazines. From the 
historical numbers one may glean information concerning the 
successive steps in all the great movements and changes of 
policies. The older and larger a sorority becomes, the more 
likely it is to discuss freely and publish widely much of what it 
actually has done, what it is doing and what it expects to do. 
The system of exchanging magazines, first advocated publicly 
in Boston in 1891, practiced occasionally before that time by 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 33 

broadminded, progressive editors, and in general vogue at the 
present day, has done much to develop a marked similarity in 
general policies. 

Secret Bulletins have been found very convenient by many 
sororities, particularly the larger ones, for the amount of routine 
correspondence is appalling where any attempt is made to 
secure marked intensive growth in a long roll of chapters. 
Secret issues afford great relief to overworked officials, place 
matter demanding immediate attention before all the chapters 
at the same time and create a reference library that is of in- 
calculable benefit to the chapters themselves. To Chi Omega 
belongs the honor of issuing the first secret sorority magazine. 
Its Mystagogue appeared in 1905. Delta Delta Delta was a 
close second with its quarterly Triton in 1906 and elaborated 
the idea still further by starting a secret annual, called The 
Trireme, in 1908. The advantages of such an organ, issued at 
definite and stated times, over the occasional bulletin are too 
manifest to require a mention. 

Alumnae Associations. 

The movement to keep the alumnae in close touch with 
the active work of the sorority and to provide congenial asso- 
ciations for them is one of the more recent ideas that make 
for intensive growth. The prestige and dignity given by a 
strong body of alumnae in addition to the financial backing 
afforded will more than repay any society for the labor expended 
in looking out for the interests of the ex-collegio members. 
Strange to say, these numerous advantages were not recognized 
by the oldest sororities very early in their careers. 



34 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

Pi Beta Phi was the pioneer in establishing ahimnae 
associations, but its first graduate chapter was not formed 
until 1881. For ten years these bodies had all the privileges 
of active chapters save that of initiation. In 1892 the Alumnae 
Association was organized under a constitution of its own 
and had the right to hold conventions at the same time and 
place as the active chapters. In 1901 a marked change in 
policy was made and the entire work along this line was given 
over to the Grand Vice-President. Alumnae clubs may send 
representatives to the convention if they choose and these 
delegates have a voice but no vote. The Alumnae Association 
as a whole has one delegate and when possible she is the Alumnae 
Editor of ^^The Arrow". 

Other sororities, however, did not copy the idea imme- 
diately, probably because conditions were not favorable 
to its dissemination. The magazine was in embryo, ex- 
changes unknown. Alpha Phi was the first to follow by 
the establishment of two alumnae chapters in 1889, but it 
has never permitted any association to exist that is not the 
direct outgrowth of an active chapter. Each is given repre- 
sentation in the national convention. 

Delta Gamma was the third sorority to organize groups 
of alumnae and is unique in having two kinds, one called alum- 
nae chapters, the other alumnae associations. The former 
possess a charter, pay dues and have a vote in convention. 

Delta Delta Delta was the first sorority to provide at its 
very inception for the organization of Alliances as it terms 
its alumnae associations. It is unique in having a special 
constitution for them and a special ritual, called The Circle 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 35 

Degree, by taking which graduates become eUgible to member- 
ship in an Alliance. The first was formed in August, 1892. 
For a number of years only graduates were permitted to take 
the higher degree, but the convention of 1900 modified this 
poUcy somewhat, so that it is now possible occasionally for an 
ex-member to become associated with an Alliance. Special 
provision is made at the national convention for an Alliance 
session and for representation in the undergraduate section as 
well. The Convention of 1906 provided for a special officer 
who has charge of all matters pertaining to the Alliances. 

Kappa Kappa Gamma leaders recognized the desirabihty 
of alumnae associations as early as 1887 and agitated the matter 
vigorously in their magazine, but the idea received no en- 
couragement from the active membership. A group of Chicago 
alumnae, who were in charge of the sorority^s exhibit for the 
World's Fair, petitioned the Convention of 1892 for a charter. 
After prolonged and heated discussion the vote was finally 
carried, but as the alumnae found the requirements of a chapter 
burdensome they returned their charter in 1896. A few other 
associations and clubs were organized after this, but it was not 
until the Convention of 1902 that this sorority as a whole recog- 
nized the need or importance of providing for its alumnae. 
At that time the work was put into the hands of the officers' 
deputies and the growth has been phenomenal. At the 
Convention of 1906 a national organization of the alumnae 
association was effected under the control of three special 
officers, who serve as president, secretary and treasurer. One 
whole day is given over to the associations at convention for 
the transaction of business of special interest to alumnae. 



36 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

Gamma Phi Beta organized its first gi'oup of alumnae in 
December, 1892; and has always given the associations all the 
privileges of the active chapters. 

Kappa Alpha Theta made no formal pro^dsion for alumnae 
associations prior to the Convention of 1893,, but in that year 
it organized the Alpha Alumnae at Greencastle^ Ind. The 
associations at present number nineteen and are named al- 
phabetically in order of founding regardless of location, so, 
except in the case of the first, the names of the associations are 
different from the active chapters with which they are allied, 
a method that seems a trifle confusing when it is customary to 
name the groups from the cities in which they are located or 
from the chapters with which they are affiliated. 

Chi Omega gives a vote to every alumna attending con- 
vent on. Charters are granted to alumnae chapters on prac- 
tically the same conditions as those to college petitioners and 
examinations are required of them as of the active chapters. 

Chapter Houses. 

The chapter house movement among sororities is a rather 
recent one, and has come about quite naturally, because at 
many colleges the houses of the men^s fraternities are a con- 
spicuous feature of the student life. Many faculties have fos- 
tered the development of the fraternity house idea because it 
relieved them of the necessity of pro\dding accommodations 
for a large number of students, and, to a certain extent, of the 
supervision of the inmates, but not all have been ready to accord 
the same privileges to the sorority girls, and dormitory life or 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 37 

residence with relatives is still insisted upon at certain uni- 
versities. The city university, drawing its material largely 
from the immediate environs, offers but little or no opportunity 
for the sorority house, though it is not unusual for chapters at 
such colleges to have suites of rooms which provide ample 
opportunities for spending a quiet hour in rest or study, passing 
the night after some college function, or offering informal 
entertainment to members or friends. 

Alpha Phi took the initiative in 1889 when it erected a 
chapter house at Syracuse. Other sorority chapters were 
quick to see the advantages of such a course and many now 
have homes which they own wholly or in part. 



Pan»Hellenism. 

The Pan-Hellenic movement dates back to the time when 
the Boston University chapter of Kappa Kappa Gamma se- 
cured permission from the convention assembled at Blooming- 
ton, Ind., August, 1890, to invite the other sororities to meet 
in convention at Boston. The proposed work, as set forth in 
^' The Key,'' was to be that of recommendation only, the reports 
to be adopted or rejected as each sorority should decide. An 
attempt, however, was to be made, '^ To secure (1) uniformity 
of inter-fraternity courtesy, (2) cooperation in purchasing 
fraternity jewelry and stationery for purposes of increased 
security and cheapness, (3) a practical Pan-Hellenic plan for 
the World's Fair (4) uniformity in the dates of the fraternity 
publications, (5) inter-chapter cooperation and etiquette." 



38 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

A careful reading of the report of that first intersorority 
convention, which is given verbatim in practically all sorority 
magazines of that time, will show how earnest and enthusiastic 
were the Pan-Hellenic pioneers and how much might have been 
accomplished had the work continued without interruption. 
The probable reason for the failure of a movement so auspici- 
ously begun may be found in the fact that there was no city at 
which representatives from all the sororities could meet con- 
veniently. Though the value of the work accomplished ap- 
pealed to all, the expense incidental to providing entertainment 
for the official delegates during such a session probably deterred 
other sororities from extending a like invitation. 



The Congress of Fraternities. 

Beginning in the Spring of 1892, representatives appointed 
by all the sororities and a large number of the fraternities 
held monthly meetings in Chicago for the purpose of securing 
space and arranging a fraternity exhibit at the World's Co- 
lumbian Exposition of 1893. All the sororities were heartily 
in favor of the idea, but as only half of the fraternities took any 
active interest in the matter, the unique and interesting plan 
of the Pan-Hellenic Committee had to be abandoned. A 
fraternity congress was substituted with one half day given to 
the fraternities, another half day to the Greek Press and a third 
half day to the sororities. Although the meetings themselves 
were most inspiring and hundreds of fraternity members were 
present at the social gatherings, little of real or permanent value 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 39 

was accomplished, though for some months afterwards the 
different magazines gave considerable space to the discussion 
of the advantages of Pan-Hellenism. The time, however, was 
not yet ripe for any concerted action and the matter languished 
after the first flush of enthusiasm had passed. 



The Inter=Sorority Conferences. 

It was to Mrs. Margaret Mason Whitney, Michigan, ^95-'97, 
Grand President of Alpha Phi, 1900-^02, that the inspiration 
came to reopen the agitation for a saner dealing with the prob- 
lem of rushing. As a result of her correspondence with the 
presidents of six other leading sororities, it was learned that the 
grand presidents of Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Delta 
Delta had been conferring upon this very subject and that the 
Chicago Alumnae of Kappa Alpha Theta had placed a petition 
before its grand council asking that the sororities be invited to 
consider some means of reforming in rushing. With such a 
general sentiment in favor of correcting evils and securing hearty 
cooperation along various lines of endeavor, Mrs. Whitney 
was encouraged to call the first Inter-Sorority Conference, 
which met in Chicago, May 24, 1902, and which was the be- 
ginning of annual meetings presided over by each sorority in 
turn in the order of founding. 

The first Inter-Sorority Conference, composed of dele- 
gates from Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kap- 
pa Gamma, Alpha Phi, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta 
and Delta Delta Delta, tried to establish a basis for future 



40 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

operations by submitting a set of motions of which it ap- 
proved to the different sororities represented in the Con- 
ference. Although the meeting did not result in any inter- 
sorority compact, since all the sororities were not unanimously 
in favor of the recommendations submitted, yet much advance 
was made in providing for annual conferences. 

The Conference of 1903 admitted Alpha Chi Omega and 
Chi Omega. It suggested the formation of Pan-Hellenic 
Associations at every college where two or more national 
sororities existed and urged sorority girls to take an active 
part in such college organizations as were intended for the good 
of all. Of four recommendations submitted to the sororities, 
two were unanimously accepted during the succeeding year 
and so the first definite gain was made in an agreement not to 
pledge prior to matriculation. 

The Conference of 1904 admitted Alpha Xi Delta, decided 
upon the order of rotation in office, and voted to admit Sigma 
Kappa upon her acceptance of conference rulings. It also de- 
fined the purpose of the Pan-Hellenics and directed the sororities 
to insist that these organizations should not merely promote 
good feeling and social intercourse, but that they should make 
earnest efforts to improve standards and remove evils. The 
conference also took up the problem of social service, recom- 
mended the establishment of Women's Leagues, made prepara- 
tions to form a Bureau of Comparative Legislation and raised 
the question of the advisability of asking that Deans of Women 
be appointed in all coeducational colleges. 

The conference of 1905 admitted Alpha Omicron Pi and 
defined a national sorority as one having at least five chapters, 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 41 

all at institutions of collegiate rank. In addition to the great 
advance made by the Conference in adopting tentatively a 
constitution and thus determining its own powers, it provided 
for the drafting of a model constitution for Women's Leagues. 

The Conference of 1906 remodelled the constitution of 1905, 
which had failed to pass two Grand Presidents. It showed 
renewed interest and activity in furthering the social service 
work and a desire to cooperate with Deans of Women in the 
amelioration of social evils. To secure greater unity in the 
Pan-Hellenic work of the colleges, a model constitution for 
Pan-Hellenics was approved and ordered printed for distribu- 
tion and arrangements made to intensify the interest through 
the efforts of the visiting delegates. High school sororities 
were condemned and the conference put itself on record as 
proposing to use all its influence to have them discountenanced. 
An investigation of the laws of each state concerning the mak- 
ing and wearing of badges by unauthorized persons was in- 
stituted. 

The Conference of 1907 reported marked progress along the 
line of social service and in the work of the local Pan-Hellenics, 
laid special stress upon the need of securing the cooperation of 
alumnae and put itself on record as favoring a late pledge day, 
preferably in the sophomore year. 

The Conference of 1908 again made an urgent plea for the 
sophomore pledge day and for definite scholarship attainment 
as a qualification for sorority membership. It suggested the 
organization of resident alumnae in the case of every college 
and changed the Conference name to that of National Pan- 
Hellenic Conference. By unanimous vote of the sorority 



42 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

gTand presidents during the year following Zeta Tau Alpha and 
Alpha Gamma Delta were admitted to the Conference. 

There is practically no limit to the valuable results that 
may be attained through these annual conferences. The 
regulation of the evils incidental to rushing, though of the 
highest importance in its salutary effect upon general sorority 
standards, is yet but a small part of the work that may be done. 
To understand something of the possibilities of the National 
Pan-Hellenic Conference, one need only realize that the ex- 
collegio members of the sororities number 35,000 and that the 
Conference literature reaches at least one-third of these through 
the various sorority magazines. The active membership of 
5,000 is even more vitally affected and each Fall 2,500 new 
initiates are brought into touch with every movement that 
receives the sanction of the Conference. Except to a very 
limited degree, the college woman has been unable to have any 
marked influence upon the college after graduation. Dur- 
ing her student days she has been obliged to follow the lines 
laid down for her brother, and if life's experience has shown 
her that college courses should be adapted more peculiarly 
to her own needs, she has had little or no opportunity to say 
so. Her ideas on this point, unexpressed except to a very few, 
have had little weight. The Association of Collegiate Alumnae, 
to be sure, has determined certain important facts relative to 
the higher education of women, but its work has been ham- 
pered by the small, restricted, scattered mem_bership. It lacks, 
moreover, the vivifying touch that comes only with actual co- 
operation with the undergraduate body of college girls. The 
National Pan-Hellenic Conference is the only organization that 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 43 



can bridge the chasm between college theories and life's realities. 
Thus far it has confined most of its efforts to improving social 
conditions. The larger opportunity of making the college 
course a more vital force in the lives of college women is still 
before it. 



44 The Mission of the Sorority. 



CHAPTER III. 

The Mission of the Sorority. 

To determine whether the existence of the sorority as a 
factor in college life has been justified, it is necessary to under- 
stand what combination of circumstances called it into being, 
what it has to its credit in the line of accomplishment, and what 
it is doing at the present time to warrant its continuance. 
Begun as an experiment at Elmira half a century ago, and 
copied at Wellesley and Smith shortly after these institutions 
were opened, the Greek-Letter Society at the independent col- 
leges for women seems to have been established with the full 
sanction of the faculty, in the hope that it might serve to unite 
in a common interest the most prominent members of the 
student body. In the days when the elective system was un- 
known, the lines of demarcation between the different classes 
were very clearly defined, and these distinctions were not 
always conducive to the development of a proper college spirit. 
By forming a nucleus around which should cluster some of the 
most precious associations of college life, the administration 
hoped to foster a strong esprit de corps. Except to a very 
few of the students this raison d'etre would scarcely appeal. 
To the majority of women in college thirty years ago, when so 
much stress was laid upon Latin, Greek and Mathematics, the 
societies, by copying the methods of the popular lyceum, of- 



The Mission of the Sorority. 45 

fered a much-prized opportunity for the study of the mas- 
terpieces of modern literature and for the discussion of questions 
of permanent or passing interest. Since the development of 
a strong college spirit was the desideratum in the formation of 
the societies, the originators gave little heed to the possibilities 
that these organizations afforded for the cementing of college 
friendships. It is rare indeed to find among their members the 
close bond of sympathy so characteristic of the national so- 
rorities, in spite of the fact that the two are practically alike as 
far as secrecy is concerned. 

In those colleges, however, where the administration 
had decided upon coeducation, and where the men students 
were often openly hostile to the movement to admit women, 
the Greek-Letter Society among the girls, even when founded 
at faculty suggestion, not infrequently took on the nature of a 
protective league through which the members endeavored by 
united action to secure recognition for themselves as a vital 
part of college life. Misunderstood in the classroom, shut out 
from participation in the literary and debating societies or- 
ganized by the men, unrecognized in the social life that crys- 
tallized around the fraternities, the few who were courageous 
enough to brave outspoken ridicule or veiled slur were sadly in 
need of the moral support that the sorority could give. From 
the close communion of heart and soul in those days of trial 
sprang the impulse to form a sisterhood that should be a potent 
factor during the college course and which, at the same time, 
should lay the foundation for life-long friendships. 

Just how much the sorority did for the first generation 
of college girls in making their position secure and in demon- 



46 The Mission of the Sorority. 

strating their right to educational pri\'ileges equal to those 
enjoyed by their brothers is not perhaps to be found in records, 
but there can be no doubt that the Greek-Letter vSociety 
rendered valuable service to the cause of higher education by 
encouraging members to complete their college course and by 
influencing them to interest other girls in what was for years an 
experiment, nay more, an experiment that met with slight favor 
and scanty support from the general public. That the sorority 
did cement friendships there is ample evidence to prove, for the 
earliest issues of the sorority magazines are filled with the 
testimony of those who gladly bore witness to the enrichment of 
their lives through the wealth of sympathetic interest such 
friendships had bestowed. Only those who have been blessed 
with true friendships can understand how very barren and 
spiritless life would be without the stimulus and zest they give. 
To be trusted, to be appreciated, to be loved, makes possible 
the practically impossible, renders the joy of success more keen, 
the sting of sorrow less poignant. 

It was not, however, in these two important particulars 
alone that the sorority of the seventies rendered peculiar 
and efficient service. If there was any element of danger in 
the higher education of women in the early days, it lay in the 
fact that the pioneers were inclined to take themselves and 
their work too seriously, to see life in a false perspective under 
the influence of unusual conditions. From the peril of such 
erroneous ideas as might have been engendered by the impress 
of new and peculiar circumstances, many a girl was rescued by 
her sorority. As one of a crowd she lost self-consciousness. 
Within the chapter group the tension was relaxed and normal 



The Mission of the Sorority. 47 

conditions prevailed. Here with friends she need not be on 
parade. She could be what she really was, an essentially 
feminine woman, with wide outlook and large ambitions to be 
sure, but no phenomenon as the general public insisted upon 
regarding her. The simple wholesome social life that the 
sorority made a possibility was conducive to naturalness, 
feminine charm and womanly dignity. For the first generation 
of college girls the sorority was primaril}^ a humanizing agency. 
Although, except in a few rare cases, the day for the sorority 
as a protective league is long since past, its importance as a 
prominent factor in the college life of today is even greater than 
ever, for it touches vitally the lives of hundreds where once it 
touched a score. Indispensable as it still is in fostering friend- 
ships during the years when a college girl is peculiarly in need 
of the close companionship of those who will treat her with a 
mixture of charity and frank criticism, there are yet other im- 
portant services that the sorority renders its members. In 
these days when it is no unusual thing for a girl to go to college, 
the young matriculate is in no immediate danger of considering 
herself a rara avis or of developing eccentricities of dress or 
manner. If there is any risk run it will certainly not be along 
the line of becoming strong-minded, of having advanced ideas, 
of promulgating pronounced views. Rather will she be lost in 
the crowd. Today in the great throngs attending our popular 
colleges, amid the complexity of academic life, there can not be 
the opportunity for the development of individuality, so marked 
a feature of that earlier period when the personal relation 
between faculty and students was noticeably strong. Person- 
ality is a tremendous force in the development of personality, 



48 The Mission of the Sorority. 

but modern exigencies and modern methods have built up ba 
riers between professor and student. Perhaps, too, since the 
problem of the higher education of women has in a measure been 
satisfactorily solved, the modern educator is no longer so 
interested in the annual solution as it applies to individual cases. 
There is, without doubt, another reason why the college 
has failed, as has been claimed with some measure of justice, 
to do more to develop that very essential quality known as the 
creative faculty. Not to be identical, but to be individual, not 
to imitate, but to create, not to follow, but to lead, betokens the 
master mind; yet all education, in its endeavors to make the 
individual conform to a definite standard, tends to stifle origi- 
nality, to put a check upon independent thought. Up to a 
certain point this is a very wise arrangement, for too much 
liberty will result in license. In the case of the elementary 
education, which trains the masses and prepares primarily for 
apprenticeship, it is necessary to inculcate obedience, to demand 
subjection to law, to insist upon the closest attention to detail, 
for upon these fundamentals depends the youth's success in 
such work as he may be called upon to do. In the case of the 
secondary education, however, which trains the classes and 
prepares incidentally for skilled workmanship, sufficient latitude 
should be allowed for the expression of individual taste and 
talent. In the case of the college education, which trains only 
the elect and which should prepare preeminently for leadership, 
the dominant thought should be the development of individu- 
ality. The college in preparing its students for intellectual 
and spiritual leadership must furnish a broad, a liberal educa- 
tion, and must train specifically the intellect, the heart, the will. 



The Mission of the Sorority. 49 

the taste, the conscience. All this the college does, but more 
is needed. Abstract studies, invaluable as they are for mental 
training, lead to theorizing. Theory is not practice. In great 
as in small things man learns by doing. If a man is to be a 
great leader, he must lead first in small ventures, then in sizable 
undertakings, finally in great enterprises. He must serve his 
apprenticeship. 

In the big classes, in the large literary societies, in the 
great student leagues of our famous universities, there is 
opportunity for only a very few to rise above their college 
mates. The many are submerged in the ocean of mediocrity. 
To follow, not to lead, must be their portion. It is just here that 
the sorority is in a position to supplement the work of the 
college in its endeavors to prepare for leadership by presenting 
opportunities for apprenticeship such as the college of itself 
is unable to give save in limited degree. To understand the 
peculiar fitness of the sorority for this work it is necessary to 
consider the essential qualities of a leader. Whether leadership 
is to be in small ventures or great enterprises, the prime essen- 
tials are the same. Most important of all is self-confidence. 
This fundamental requisite of success in any undertaking 
must not be confounded with that most undesirable attribute, 
self-conceit, which has its roots in vanity. Rather is it the 
self-knowledge which lies at the foundation of self-respect. 
Self-confidence begets enthusiasm, enthusiasm to inspire. Self- 
confidence begets courage, courage to dare. Self-confidence 
begets strength, strength to fulfill. Without an enthusiastic 
interest in the thing to be accomplished, without the courage 
resulting from a consciousness of power without an abiding 



50 The Mission of the Sorority. 

faith in the ability to carry any undertaking to completion, 
leadership is impossible. By taking its members out of the 
crowd and making each a distinct unit in a small group, the sor- 
ority is able to foster individuality. By providing every initiate 
with innumerable opportunities for all sorts of service and for 
all kinds of experience, first in the simple work of the chapter 
and later in the larger effort of the national organization, the 
sorority is particularly well qualified to lay a strong foundation 
for the growth of self-confidence. 

According to the popular idea self-confidence is the only 
requisite for leadership, but he who would be master over others 
must first be master over himself. Self-control is likewise 
indispensible. Self-control implies perfect insight, the abihty 
to see the end from the beginning. Self-control implies perfect 
adjustment to kindred forces. Self-control implies perfect 
obedience to perfect law. Self-confidence alone may of itself 
secm^e leadership, but it will be the leadership of the demagogue. 
Without the penetration that insures a grasp of the situation, 
without the disposition to recognize the rights of others, without 
the desire to obey the dictates of conscience, there can be no 
useful, effective leadership. By keeping ever before its mem- 
bers a very definite aim, by demanding of each individual a due 
consideration for the rights of every other, not only'of her own 
chapter but of the entire organization, by expecting obedience 
to the tenets of the order, the sorority exerts a very wholesome 
discipline that argues well for the gro^i:h of self-control. 

Leadership that depends for preeminence upon self-con- 
fidence alone will be at best transitory. If it brings material 
rewards, they will be attended by dishonor. Leadership that 



The Mission of the Sorority. 51 

has both self-confidence and self-control as basic principles 
will be lasting, will win rewards, will be productive of honor. 
Such leadership means worldly success and meets with popular 
approval. To understand, however, whether such is the high- 
est form of leadership, we need only to turn to the life of the 
great Examplar. He is the Light, the Truth, the Way. As 
the Son of God He was conscious of His power. The miracles 
He performed testify to His confidence in Himself. Though 
all power was given to Him in heaven and earth, yet did He ex- 
ercise self-control. Under sore temptation He did not yield. 
Yet this was not all. His incarnation was not primarily for 
the purpose of performing miracles or of teaching self-control. 
Christ^s message to the world was the beauty of service, the 
sacredness of leadership. There were many tones in that 
harmonious Life, but the key-note was self-sacrifice. Self- 
sacrifice recognizes the need for responsibility. Self-sacrifice 
recognizes the need for patience. Self-sacrifice recognizes 
the need for sympathy. By insisting that every privi- 
lege brings with it a corresponding responsibility, by urging 
always the great importance of patience in dealing with the 
problems in one^s own life or that of any other, by making love 
the mainspring in every line of endeavor that the order under- 
takes, the sorority becomes one of life's great forces in teaching 
the beauty of self-sacrifice. Leadership under the spell of this 
great power must be magnetic. Self-confidence, then, is crea- 
tive, self-control restrictive, self-sacrifice persuasive. Leadership 
that possesses all three qualities cannot fail to bring success 
with honor and peace. Such is the education that the college 
is pledged to give, but the college has its limitations. By 



62 The Mission of the Sorority. 

emphasizing and developing all these requisites for leadership, 
by providing innumerable opportunities for the practical ap- 
plication of the same, the sorority is supplementing the work of 
the college and rendering a special service to society. In thus 
enhancing the value of academic training, the sorority makes 
the college a much more vital force in the life of the student than 
it could otherwise be. The fine college spirit that is an out- 
growth of this increased interest leads the sorority girl to advo- 
cate college residence. This, though in no sense a definite 
aim that the sorority has placed before itself, means much for 
the cause of higher education. The benefit that comes to the 
college from an increased matriculation, from a student body 
fired with the torch of ideality, from a roll of alumnae whose 
names are synonymous with honorable accompUshment is, in 
no small part, a result of the existence of the sorority. 

f Although the work done in preparation for leadership 
is perhaps the most important within the scope of the sorority, 
it is far from being the only benefit that the members receive. 
Very valuable, indeed, is the business training that comes 
during association with the chapter in undergraduate days or 
from service in the national organization after the college 
course is ended. Some college women have a natural aptitude 
for business, some, especially those who work their way through, 
understand the value of a dollar, but the average college girl, 
whose every bill is paid by an indulgent father, whose every 
whim is gratified by an adoring mother, has very hazy ideas on 
the subject of finance. Such a one, if she becomes a teacher, 
will very likely expect to have her income supplemented by 
generous checks from home, while, if she should preside over a 



The Mission of the Sorority. 53 

home of her own, she will expect, from past experience, to find 
credit unlimited. No woman who may be thrown upon her 
own resources — and what woman may not? — should enter 
upon the third decade of her life without a pretty fair knowledge 
of the ordinary methods of transacting business. Yet, how very 
few women ever do acquire this knowledge. To have a stated 
chapter income, to decide just how it must be apportioned for 
rent or taxes, for furnishing or repairs, for food, heat, light and 
entertainment, is always valuable experience. To place 
mortgages, to negotiate loans, to understand building laws, to 
handle and invest large sums of money such as the national 
sororities annually receive, is as important a training for a 
woman as for a man. If wage-earner or inheritrix she will 
have money to invest. As wife and mother she will handle 
funds in trust. ^.^i 

Another opportunity that the sorority opens to its members 
because of their affiliation with a large organization is the chance 
it gives them through correspondence, fraternity publications 
and conventions to get a wide outlook over the entire field 
of collegiate education. Though one of a group small enough to 
admit of the growth of the individual, each is also one of a 
mighty throng capable of accomplishing much through con- 
certed action. Provincialism is thus made impossible even in 
the small college. The inspiration that has come to many a 
small college to broaden its student life has been the direct 
result of the contact of its undergraduates with those of some 
large university. The awakening of many a large university 
to the need of deepening its student life has cpme through the 
magnetic influence given to its undergraduates by those of some 



54 The Mission of the Sorority. 

small college. The important part that the sorority is playing 
in developing a national t3"pe of cultured womanhood is another 
phase of the work it is doing for society and one for which it 
takes little credit to itself. A cultured woman is always an 
honor to the land of her birth, but a cultured woman with lofty 
ideals and noble principles is a lustrous jewel in the nation^s 
crown. Such a one is the sorority girl. The badge she wears 
upon her breast is a constant reminder to her that she has 
pledged both heart and hand to honor and truth, that she has 
set her face to the light, never to turn back. 

Whenever college authorities opposed to sororities are 
prevailed upon to state their objections, it is always on the 
ground that fraternities create cliques. Instead of being an 
undesirable thing, as many pessimists would have us believe, 
the clique, as established by the sorority, is a most salutary 
arrangement for grouping college girls into congenial coteries. 
Promiscuous friendships, though democratic, are dangerous. 
A woman should have large ideals and generous sympathies 
but she should concentrate her affections upon a few. Her 
friendships should be not numerous and shallow, but limited 
and deep. The harmony resulting from the union of a few with 
common interests bears rich fruit later w^hen college women in 
any locaHty unite for effective work along any line. The so- 
rority trains its members for organized effort, for lofty aims, 
for conservation of force. 

Furthermore, in taking a girl out of the crowd and making 
her a permanent member of a small gi'oup, the sorority is 
rendering her an inestimable service. It is providing her 
during her college course with family affiliations and with the 



The Mission of the Sorority. 55 

essential elements of a home, — sympathetic interest, wise super- 
vision, disinterested advice. Incidentally society itself is 
benefited. The corner stone of the social structure is the 
family, and it is not altogether wise that college girls, or college 
boys for that matter, should cut loose from youth's anchorage 
and drift far from home moorings during four long years. There 
is a danger, and a very grave danger, that four years' residence 
in a dormitory will tend to destroy right ideals of home life 
and substitute in their stead a belief in the freedom that comes 
from community living. It is in recognition of this fact that 
some of the large colleges for women have adopted as far as 
possible the cottage system of housing students. Culture, 
broad, liberalizing, humanizing culture, we cannot get too much 
of unless while acquiring it we are weaned from home and 
friends, from ties of blood and kindred. If there is a tendency 
of modern times more to be deplored than any other, it is the 
disposition on the part of the younger generation to shirk the 
duties and responsibilities of home life. Dangerous as this 
tendency is, it will be doubly so, if college graduates are to be in- 
oculated with the virus. To them as its most finished product 
society looks for leadership. Yet an exceedingly large number 
of students, while in pursuit of the very culture which can add 
so much enrichment to the simplest home, are forced to forego 
the influences that experience has proved most potent in the 
right adjustment of social conditions. Deep and lasting are 
college impressions, for the mind, no longer plastic, is moulded 
into its final form. Precious indeed are those that inspire 
to right ideals of life and thought, perilous any that would 
substitute new ideas for old ideals. The sorority through the 



56 The Mission of the Soroeity. 

chapter house emphasizes the advantage of home life over dor- 
mitory residence. Through the chapter organization it keeps 
ever before its members the imperative need of living together 
in harmony, of assuming and sharing responsibilities, of so 
ordering one^s life that every act shall reflect only honor. The 
chapter, like the family, is a corporation, which, though closely 
associated or aflBliated with many others, has still within itself 
a very distinct and separate existence. The individual mem- 
bers of both are united by very close ties. Both continue in- 
definitely and their position in society depends upon the indi- 
vidual part that each member plays. Both lay many respon- 
sibilities upon their members, but every responsibility has its 
attendant privilege. So closely indeed is the one patterned 
after the other that it is not difficult to see that the sorority 
is an expression of the college girPs belief in the beauty and 
power of the home. The transition from dormitory residence 
to home life must always be a critical time for any girl. Herein 
lies the reason for much of the restlessness on the part of those 
who have dwelt in dormitories at boarding school or college. 
The new ideas do not adjust themselves to old ideals. It is 
Uke patching homespun with silk or cloth of gold. The sorority, 
by demanding the same virtues as the family, makes the break 
between home and college and later between college and home 
almost imperceptible. New ideals may be made to take the 
place of old ideas, just as precious stones may be substituted for 
paste in some rare old setting, or as an artist may renew the 
colors in some old masterpiece. Any organization that fosters 
love of home should be encouraged, for from the home as the 
central force in civilization must emanate all the influences that 
make for progress. 



The Mission of the Sorority. 57 

Whatever the Hne of service to which she may consecrate 
herself, the sorority girl will always be a success. She cannot 
fail, for her assets largely exceed her liabilities. She is, to be 
sure, under heavy obligations to her parents, her college and her 
sorority, but none of these will ever press for payment. They 
consider their investment safe as long as her name is a synonym 
for honor. As a college woman she will adjust herself in time 
to any position in which she finds herself, but as a sorority girl 
she will adjust herself quickly, easily, happily, because, in addi- 
tion to the stores of knowledge acquired through years of study 
and always available for pleasure or profit, she will have gained 
through the discipline of the chapter both wisdom and under- 
standing. If called to be the presiding genius of a home, she 
will be ready, since she is a college woman, to contribute of 
her wealth of intellect to all those agencies that are working 
for the betteremnt of social conditions, but since she is a so- 
rority girl her appreciation of what humanity needs will be 
keener and truer, her judgment concerning means and methods 
to be employed in deaUng with human problems, saner and 
sounder. If not needed in the home the college woman will 
find ample opportunity out in the world for the exercise of her 
various talents. Especially will there be an urgent call for 
her to act as guide, philosopher and friend of aspiring youth, 
but wiser will be her guidance, more practical her philosophy, 
more potent her friendship if she is a sorority girl, for through 
association with the different members of her chapter she has 
gained a knowledge of human nature such as can come only 
from being in intimate touch with many lives and many minds. 
To sum up, in the case of the second generation of college girls 



68 The Mission of the Sorority. 

the sorority is essentially an individualizing and harmonizing 
agency. 

With so much of accomplishment to its credit in the past, 
with so much more to be done in the present, the sorority may 
look forward to the future with courage, confident that its 
existence in the college fills a want that can be met in no other 
or better way. Ever present is the freshman in need of kindly 
counsel, ever present the upper class woman in need of the 
humanizing and vitalizing touch the giving of disinterested 
advice can bestow. Ever present, as a result of the high pres- 
sure demands of scholastic work, is the need of a simple social 
life as a safety valve, ever present amid the multitudinous dis- 
tractions of university life, the need of a constant inspiration 
to fine scholarship, ever present at all times the need of supple- 
menting the college in its preparation for the serious work of life. 

The sorority of itself, in what it stands for, and in what it 
tries to do, is unimpeachable. Individual members may be 
guilty occasionally of little indiscretions, but lapses of this kind 
will be fewer as the years go on, for the Visiting Delegate, by 
demanding excellence in classroom records, by insisting on 
indications of a proper college spirit and a proper chapter pride, 
by expecting a fine regard for the best social observances, by 
emphasizing the importance of simplicity, sincerity and sym- 
pathy on the part of the members in their relation to one another 
and to other college women, calls the chapter's attention to the 
high ideals that the order has placed before itself, and inci- 
dentally paves the way for the sorority as a whole to be highly 
respected by student body and faculty. The sorority, as was 
most natural under complex conditions, has given rise to some 



The Mission of the Sorority. 59 

problems, but such as are at all serious will soon no longer exist, 
for the Inter-Sorority Conference has already demonstrated 
its ability to cope with them. The sorority in the past has been 
the cause of some needless anxiety on the part of faculties, but 
there will be little occasion for uneasiness or apprehension in 
the future, because faculties generally have awakened to a 
realization of the fact that the organization can be made a 
most invaluable assistant in all reforms, experiments, or en- 
terprises that the administration may wish to undertake and 
which may depend for their ultimate success upon the hearty 
cooperation of the student body. 

The sorority, then, by reason of its past achievements, 
its present potentialities, its future possibilities, is deserving of 
a very royal welcome whenever it decides to enter a college or 
university, because its advent means that a number of students 
have banded together and pledged themselves to work un- 
falteringly and unflaggingly for high ideals, for noble aims. 
The tiny jewel that sparkles upon the breast of each member is 
an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace 
that has enthroned itself in the heart and will be content with 
nothing short of the good, the true and the beautiful. 



60 LiTERABY Sororities. 



LITERARY SORORITIES. 

CLASS A. 

Alpha Chi Omega. 

October 15, 1885. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. Edward R. Loud, 504 E. Erie St., Albion, Mich. 
Vice-President, Mrs. Horace M. Kent, 82 W. 5th St., Bayonne, 

N.J. 
Secretary, Mrs. Elmer I. Soule, 32 Ash St., Detroit. 
Treasurer, Mrs. Ralph B. Dennis, 720 Clark St., Evanston, 111. 
Historian, Mabel Siller, 716 Clark St., Evanston, 111. 
Inspector, Mrs. Richard Tennant, 824 S. 5th St., Terre-Haute, 

Ind. 
Editor, Mrs. Wm. E. Haseltine, 537 Watson St., Ripon, Wis. 

Chapter Roll. 

Albion, Allegheny, Baker, California, Colorado, DePauWj 
IlHnois, Michigan, Nebraska, New England Conservatory, 
Northwestern, Simpson, Southern California, S}Tacuse, Wis- 
consin. 

Alpha Chi Omega has 15 college chapters and 6 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 1500, the active 



Literary Sororities. 61 

membership 300, the average initiation 150. The badge is a 
Greek lyre having three required jewels and having the sorority- 
letters emblazoned in gold on a scroll of black enamel extending 
across the strings. The pledge pin is diamond-shaped, of 
scarlet enamel, and displays a gold lyre. The flag is in prepara- 
tion. 

Colors-Scarlet and Olive. Flower-Scarlet Carnation with 
Smilax. Tree-Holly. Jewel-None. Open Motto-Together let 
us seek the Heights. Insignia-Lyre, Three Stars, Sheaf of 
Wheat, Open Book. Patron-None. Call- Hi! Hi! Hi! Alpha 
Chi ! Chi-0 ! Chi-0 ! Alpha Chi Omega ! 

Magazine-The Lyre-1894. 

Next Convention-Ann Arbor, November 23-27, 1910. 

Alpha Delta Phi. 

May 15, 1851. 
Executive Council. 

President, Mrs. W. C. Coles, 21 Cleburne Ave., Atlanta, Ga. 
Vice-President, Carolyn J. Twitty, Pelham, Ga. 
Secretary, Gladys Snyder, Georgetown, Tex. 
Treasurer, Mrs. Arthur Williams, 123 W. Clinton St., Talla- 
hassee, Fla. 
Inspector, LiUian Moore, 923 S. 17th St., Birmingham, Ala. 
Historian, Eleanor Hunter, Union Springs, Ala. 
Editor, Anna T. Hunter, 409 S. Court St., Montgomery, Ala. 

Chapter Roll. 
Florida, Lawrence, Newcomb, Southwestern, Tex^s, Wesleyan 
College. 



62 Literary Sororities. 

Alpha Delta Phi has 6 chapters and 13 alumnae associations. 
The total membership is 1000, the active membership 150, 
the average initiation 50. The badge is diamond-shaped, 
enameled in black and bearing two stars, clasped hands and the 
sorority letters. The flag is a rectangle of white surmounted 
by a diamond of light blue bearing two stars and the sorority 
letters in white. 

Colors-Pale Blue and White. Flower- Violet. Jewel-None. 
Open Motto- We live for each other. Insignia-Clasped Hands, 
Stars. Patron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-The Adelphean-1907. 

Next Convention- Atlanta, June, 1911. 

Alpha Gamma Delta. 

May 30, 1904. 
Grand Council 

President, Mrs. C. H. Smith, 153 W. Corning Ave., Syracuse. 
Vice-President, Marguerite Shepard, Forestville, N. Y. 
Secretary, May WilHs, Winona, Minn. 
Treasurer, Charlotte Geer, Middletown, Conn. 
Historian, Georgia A. Dickover, Wilkesbarre, Pa. 
Editor, Estelle Shepard, Massena, N. Y. 

Chapter Roll. 

Baltimore, DePauw, Kentucky, Minnesota, Ohio, Syracuse, 
Washington State, Wesleyan, Wisconsin. 

Alpha Gamma Delta as 9 chapters and 2 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 200, the active membership 



Literary Sororities. 63 

150, the average initiation 60. The badge is a monogram of the 
three letters. The flag is green and buff with the letters in red. 

Colors-Red, Buff and Green. Flower-Red and Buff 
Roses. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Patron-None. 

Magazine-To be published soon. 

Next Convention-Minneapolis, April, 1911. 

Alpha Kappa Psi. 

March 1, 1900. 

Grand Council. 

Addresses Secret. 

Chapter Roll. 

Fairmont School, Florida, St. Mary^s School^ Virginia Female 
Institute, Wesleyan College. 

Alpha Kappa Psi has 5 chapters, but no alumnae associations. 
The total membership is 200, the active membership 75, the 
average initiation 35. The badge is an equilateral triangle of 
black enamel, bearing in the angles the Greek letters. 

Colors- Wedgewood Blue and Gold. Flower-Forget-me-not. 
Insignia-Skull and Cross-Bones. 

Alpha Omicron Pi. 

January 2, 1897. 

Executive Committee. 

President, Jessie Ashley, 5 Nassau St., N. Y. C. * 
Vice-President, Sue K. Gillean, 1625 2nd St., New Orleans. 



64 Literary Sororities. 

Secretary, Elizabeth I. Toms, 44 W. 128th St., N. Y. C. 
Treasurer, Mrs. W. H. Farmer, 24 Manchester St., Nashua, 

N. H. 
Editor, Viola C. Gray, 1527 S. 23d St., Lincoln, Neb. 

Chapter Roll. 

Barnard, California, Cornell, DePauw, Maine, Nebraska, 
Newcomb, New York, Northwestern, Randolph-Macon, Ten- 
nessee, Tufts. 

Alpha Omicron Pi has 12 college chapters and 5 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 650, the active member- 
ship 250, the average initiation 75. The badge consists of the 
three sorority letters, superimposed one upon the other in 
sequence with a ruby or garnet at the apex of the Alpha, though 
the rest of the pin may be jewelled in accordance with indi- 
vidual taste. The pledge pin is a sheaf of gold with the initial 
of the chapter engraved on the reverse side. The flag is a 
cardinal banner with the Greek letters in white. 

Color-Cardinal. Flower-Jacqueminot Rose. Jewel-Ruby. 
Open Motto-None. Patron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-To Dragma-1905. 

Next Convention-Place undecided, June, 1910. 

Alpha Phi. 

October 20, 1872. 

General Board. 

President, Mrs. Howard Field, Wilmette, 111. 

Vice-President, Mrs. A. W. Hobson, 5312 Madison Ave., Chicago. 



Literary Sororities. 65 

Cor. Sec, Mrs. S. V. Balderston, 614 Clark St., Evanston, 111. 
Rec. Sec. /Louise Darley, Ravinia, 111. 
Treasurer, Mrs. T. C. Moulding, Wilmette, 111. 
Editor, Mrs. Evans Holbrook, Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Chapter Roll. 

Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, California, Cornell, DePauw, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Northwestern, Stanford, Syra- 
cuse, Toronto, Wisconsin. 

Alpha Phi has 14 college chapters, and 7 alumnae chapters. 
The total membership is 1900, the active membership 300, the 
average initiation 100. The badge is a monogram. The pledge 
pin is to be adopted. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors-Gray and Bordeaux. Flowers-Lillies-of-the Valley, 
and Forget-me-nots. Jewel-None. Open Motto-Hand in 
Hand. Insignia-The Constellation of Ursa Major. Patron- 
None. Call-None. 

Magazine-The Alpha Phi Quarterly-1888. 

Next Convention-Baltimore, March, 1910. 

Alpha Sigma Alpha. 

November 15, 1901. 
Grand Council. 

President, L. Wakefield, Mattison, Leesville, S. C. 
Vice-President, Mary R. Finn, Elizabethtown, Ky. 
Sec.-Treas., Mrs. Frank H. Cary, Flint Hill, Va. 
Inspector, Madeleine RoUwage, Forest City, Ark. 



66 Literary Sororities. 

Badge Custodian, Suzanne Bandell, 246 W. Lanvale St., Balti- 
more. 
Editor, Jessie E. Scott, Hagan, Ga. 

Chapter Roll. 

Brenau College, Columbia College (S.C.), Mt. Union, Randolph- 
Macon, St. Mary's School, Virginia Normal, Ward Seminary. 

Alpha Sigma Alpha has 7 chapters and 1 alumnae associa- 
tion. The total membership is 600, the active membership 105, 
the average initiation 40. The badge is a shield with four con- 
cave sides, plain or jeweled, and bears the sorority letters, a 
crown and a star in gold on a field of black enamel. The pledge 
pin is similarly shaped, but enameled in crimson. The flag is a 
pennant of crimson and gray. 

Colors-Crimson and Gray. Flower- American Beauty Rose. 
Jewel-Ruby. Open Motto-To one another ever faithful. 
Insignia-Star and Crown. Patron- Athene. 

Magazine-The Aegis-1906. 

Next Convention-Baltimore, June, 1910. 

Alpha Xi Delta. 

April 17, 1893. 
Grand Officers. 

President, Mrs. J. R. Leib, 1271 W. Washmgton St., Springfield, 

111. 
Vice-President, Bertha G. Cleveland, Waterloo, N. Y. 
Secretary, Mary E. Kay, 75 S. Union Ave., Alliance, O. 



Literary Sororities. 67 

Treasurer^ Ellen Ball, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa. 
Historian, Clara Salmer, Vermilion, S. D. 

5}^ ^ * 

Editor, Mrs. S. R. McKean, Newberry, Pa. 

Chapter Roll. 
Bethany, California, Illinois, Iowa Wesleyan, Kentucky, Lorn- 
hard^ Minnesota, Mt. Union, South Dakota, S3rracuse, Tufts, 
Washington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg. 

Alpha Xi Delta has 15 college chapters and 3 alumnae 
chapters. The total membership is 700, the active membership 
300, the average initiation 100. The badge is a quill with the 
society^s initials in raised and burnished gold on the feathers. 
The pledge pin is an ellipse of black enamel with the edge^of 
bevelled gold, the Greek letters. Alpha Xi Delta, being in gold 
on the black background. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors-Light and Dark Blue and Gold. Flower-Pink Rose. 
Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Quill. Patron- 
None. Call-Secret. 

Magazine- Alpha Xi Delta-1903. 

Next Convention-Syracuse, October 28-30, 1909. 

Beta Sigma Omicron. 

December 12, 1888. 
Grand Council. 
President, Erna B. Watson, Hamilton College, Lexington, Ky. 
Vice-President, Christine Cole, Newnan, Ga. 
Secretary, Bernice Stall, HE. Grace St., Richmond, Va. 
Treasurer, Emma L. Newman, Abbeville, Ala. 
Historian, Elizabeth Falter, Plattsmouth, Neb. 



68 Literary Sororities. 

Chapter Roll. 
Belmont College, Brenau College, Centenary, Central College, 
Fairmont Seminary, Hardin College, Liberty Ladies' College, 
Stephens College, Synodical College, Transylvania. 

Beta Sigma Omicron has 10 chapters and 3 alumnae asso- 
ciations. The total membership is 700, the active membership 
175, the average initiation 80. The badge is a monogram of the 
sorority letters, the Beta inside the Omicron and the Sigma, 
jewelled, superimposed upon the Omicron. The pledge pin is a 
triangle of red enamel with a gold star in each corner and a 
Grecian lamp in the centre. The flag is composed of three 
horizontal bars, the centre one red and the two outside pink. 
The sorority letters are in red on the upper pink bar. On the 
lower pink bar are three stars in red. The official banner is 
triangular, broadly handed with red and with a pink centre. 
The sorority letters are in pink and are placed in the corners. 
The date of founding, 1888, is in red in the centre of the pink 
field. 

Colors-Ruby and Pink. Flower-Red Carnation. Jewel- 
Ruby. Open Motto-'^We Live to do Good." Insignia-Stars, 
Covenant, Lamp, Laurel. Patron-Hestia. 

Magazine-The Beta Sigma Omicron-1905. 

Next Convention-Louis^dlle, Ky., June, 1910. 

Chi Omega. 

April 5, 1895. 
Supreme Governing Council. 
S. H., Mrs. A. H. Purdue, Fayette\dlle, Ark. 
S. T. B., Susan Bitting, Carlsbad, New Mex. 



Literary Sororities. 69 

S. K. A., Jessie A. Parker, Olathe, Kans. 

S. N. v., Wendla J. McCaskey, 7328 Emerald Ave., Chicago, III. 
S. M., Mrs. H. F. Bain, 104 E. Green St., Champaign, 111. 
Editor, Mrs. H. T. Nicholas, 608 Court St., Lynchbm^g, Va. 

Chapter Roll. 

Arkansas^ Barnard, California, Colby, Colorado, Dickinson, 
Florida, George Washington, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Mississ- 
ippi, Nebraska, Newcomb, Northwestern, Oregon, Randolph- 
Macon, Tennessee, Texas, Transylvania, Union, Washington 
State, West Virginia, Wisconsin. 

Chi Omega has 24 college chapters and 14 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 1400, the active membership 
400, the average initiation 175. The badge is a monogram. 
The Omega has a skull and cross-bones and an owl engraved 
upon its sides, while the arch bears the letters Rho, Beta, Upsilon, 
Eta, Sigma. The pledge pin is oblong, rounded at each end, 
enamelled in black, with the letters Chi Omega in gold. The 
flag has five vertical bars, three of cardinal and two of straw 
color, broadly banded across the top with a bar of cardinal 
bearing a white carnation of five petals, each with five points. 

Colors-Cardinal and Straw. Flower-White Carnation. 
Jewels-Pearls and Diamonds. Open Motto-None. Insignia- 
Skull, Cross-bones, Owl, Five, Laurel. Patron-Demeter. Call- 
We^l try, We^l vie, We^ll never die, Chi, Chi Omega, Chi! 

Magazine-Eleusis-1899. 

Secret Publication-Mystagogue-1905. 

Next Convention- Lexington, Ky., June, 1910. 



70 Literary Sororities. 

Delta Delta Delta. 

Thanksgi\ing Eve, ISSS. 
Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. Egbert X. Parmelee. 1347 Chase Ave.. Rogers 
Park. III. 

Vice-Presidents,, Marion E. P. Ball. 500 W. 121st St.,, X. Y. 0. 
Mrs. Ray Owen, 221 Mills St.. Madison, Wis., Harriet 
Stanley, ^' The Riverside.^' Wichita. Kans.: Lena T. Willey, 
Stanton College, Xatchez. Miss.. Mary B. Latta.20 Latta 
Ave., Ludlow, Ky. 

Secretary. Mrs. J. E. Rhodes. 2508 Pleasant Ave., Minneapolis. 

Treasurer. Bertha DuTeil, 127 X'. 17th St.. Lincoln. Xeb. 

Marshal. Esther Spencer. Watertown. X'. Y. 

Historian, Mrs. Frank E. Priddy. Adrian. Mich. 

AUiance Officer, Eva Jones, X'orth Ave.. Burlington. Yt. 

Editor. R. Louise Fitch. Galva. 111. 

Chapter Roll. 

Adrian, Baker. Baltimore. Barnard. Boston, Bucknell. Cali- 
fornia. Cincinnati, Colby. DePauw, Iowa. Knox. Minnesota, 
Mississippi,, X^ebraska. X'orthwestern. Ohio State. Pennsylvania, 
Randolph-Macon, Simpson. St. La^sTence. Stanford. S>Tacuse, 
Transylvania, Yermont. Washington St ate, Wesleyan, Wisconsin. 
Delta Delta Delta has 28 chapters and 24 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 2500. the active membership 
525, the average initiation 225. The badge is a crescent in- 
closing three stars and bearing three Deltas. The pledge pin 
is a trident. Members admitted to the alliances wear an equi- 



Literary Sororities. 71 

lateral triangle of white enamel, supporting on its sides three 
Deltas of gold and inscribed in a golden circle surrounded by six 
spherical triangles in blue enamel. Honorary members wear a 
jeweled triangle of black enamel bearing three Deltas in gold 
and superimposed upon a gold laurel wreath. The national flag 
is rectangular in shape and is composed of three vertical bars, 
the first and third sea-green, one bearing three Deltas in white 
and the other three stars in white, the middle bar white with a 
green pine tree upon it. 

Colors-Silver, Gold and Blue. Flower-Pansy. Tree-Pine. 
Jewel-Pearl. Open Motto-Let Us Steadfastly Love One An- 
other. Insignia-Trident, Stars, Crescent, Sea, Pine Tree. 
Patron-Poseidon. Call-Alala! Alala! Alala! Ta Hiera Posei- 
donia! 

Magazine-The Trident-1891. 

Secret Quarterly-The Triton-1906. 

Secret Annual-The Trireme-1908. 

Next Convention-Chicago, June, 1910. 

Delta Gamma. 

January 2, 1874. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. Chas. R. Carpenter, 1324 Main St., Racine, Wis. 
Vice-President, Mary Rosemond, State Library, Des Moines, la. 
Secretary, Agnes Burton, Detroit, Mich. 
Treasurer, Marguerite B. Lake, Forest Hill, Md. , 
Editor, Ethel M. Tukey, 3126 Chicago Ave., Omaha, Neb. 



72 Literary Sororities. 

Chapter Roll. 

Adelphi. Albion, Baltimore. Buchtel, California, Colorado, 
Cornell, Illinois, Indiana. Iowa. Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, 
Nebraska. Northwestern. Stanford. Syracuse, Washington 
State. Wisconsin. 

Delta Gamma has 19 college chapters, 7 alumnae chapters 
and 6 alumnae associations. The total membership is 2600, 
the active membership 300, the average initiation 150. The 
badge is an anchor supporting upon its shank a shield of white 
enamel with the sorority letters in gold. On the stock, also of 
white enamel, are the three letters. Tau. Delta and Eta in gold. 
The pledge pin is a shield of white enamel similar to the one 
on the badge with the Greek letters Pi Alpha in gold. The 
sorority flag is to be adopted soon. 

Colors-Bronze. Pink and Blue. Flower-Cream-colored 
Rose. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-None. 
Patron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-The Anchora-1884. 

Next Convention-Undecided, June, 1911. 

Delta Zeta. 

October 24. 1902. 

Grand Council. 

President. Mrs. 0. H. Hayes, 2 The Richelieu, Indianapolis. 
Vice-President. Myrtie H. Lloyd, Louis^ille. Ky. 
Sec.-Treas., Jessie D. Hecker. Century. Fla. 
Editor. EHzabeth Thompson, Bloomington, Ind. 



Literary Sororities. 73 

Chapter Roll. 

Cornell, DePauw, Indiana, Miami, Oregon. 

Delta Zeta has 5 chapters and 1 alumnae association. The 
total membership is 300, the active membership 160, the average 
initiation 50. The badge is a Roman lamp, flanked with 
Mercury wings and supported by the cap of an Ionic column. 
The sorority letters appear in black enamel on the bowl of the 
lamp, the official jeweling being a diamond in the flame of the 
lamp and four pearls at the base of the cap. The pledge pin 
is diamond-shaped and is inlaid with a gold lamp. 

Colors-Old Rose and Nile Green. Flower-Pink Rose. Jewel- 
Diamond. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Lamp, Bible, Scroll, 
Distaff, Bodkin. 

Magazine-The Lamp-1909. 

Next Convention-Oxford, Ohio, June, 1910. 

Gamma Phi Beta. 

November 11, 1874. 

Executive Board. 

President, Mabel E. Stone, 410 University Ave., Syracuse. 
Vice-President, Marion D. Dean, 489 Swains Pond Ave., Melrose, 

Mass. 
Secretary, Mrs. O. Y. Harsen, 53 Arthur St.,Yonkers, N. Y. 
Treasurer, Edith B. Wallace, 1056 Emerson St., Denver, Colo. 
Advisory, Mrs. F. S. Baldwin, West Allis, Wis. 
Advisory, Eleanor Sheldon, 110 Malcolm Ave., Minneapolis. 
Advisory, Lena M. Redington, 1668 Tenth St., Oakland, Cal. 

* * * 



74 Literary Sororities. 

Editor, Anna M. Dimmick, 283 N. Washington St., Delaware, 0. 

Chapter Roll. 

Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, California, Denver, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Northwestern, Oregon, Stanford, Syracuse^ Washing- 
ton State, Wisconsin. 

Gamma Phi Beta has 13 college chapters and 8 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 1500, the active mem- 
bership 300, the average initiation 125. The badge is a mono- 
gram of the three sorority letters, inclosed within a crescent of 
black enamel bearing in characters of gold the Hebrew for 
'Tour.'^ The pledge pin is a crescent -shaped stick pin of brown 
enamel. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors-Light and Dark Brown. Flower-Carnation. Jewel- 
None. Open Motto-Founded On a Rock. Insignia-Crescent. 
Patron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-The Crescent-1901. 

Next Convention-Not decided, November 12-15, 1910. 

Kappa Alpha Theta. 

January 27, 1870. 
Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. Louis F. Nelson, 2445 Forest Ave., Kansas City 

Mo. 
Vice-President, Eva R. Hall, Sycamore, 111. 
Secretary, L. Pearle Green, 15 East Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. 
Treasurer, Edith D. Cockins, 1348 Neil Ave., Columbus, 0. 
Editor, L. Pearle Green, 15 East Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. 



Literary Sororities. 75 

Chapter Roll. 
Adelphi, Allegheny, Baltimore, Barnard, Brown, Butler, 
California, Cornell, DePauWy Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio 
State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, 
Texas, Toronto, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Washington, Washing- 
ton State, Wisconsin, Wooster. 

Kappa Alpha Theta has 32 college chapters and 19 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 4200, the active mem- 
bership 500, the average initiation 200. The badge is a shield, 
the outer edge gold, the inner portion, which is slightly raised, 
of black enamel. In the middle on a band of white are the 
society^s initials in gold. Above are two stars set with dia- 
monds and below in Greek the date of founding. The pledge 
pin is a small diamond shield used as a stick pin and divided 
diagonally into two triangles, one of gold, the other of black 
enamel. The flag is the coat-of-arms on a black and gold field. 

Colors-Black and Gold. Flower-Black and Gold Pansy. 
Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Stars, Eagle's 
Head, Three Links, Keys, Scythe, Torch and Ermine. Patron- 
None. Call-None. 

Magazine-Kappa Alpha Theta-1885. 

Next Convention-Place not decided, July, 1911. 

Kappa Delta. 

October 27, 1897. 

Grand Chapter. 
LaJeune C. Forrey, 2040 Sherman Ave., Evanston, III. 
Mary S. Thomas, 1731 College St., Columbia, S. C. 



76 Literary Sororities. 

Pauline Embree, Buena Vista, Va. 

Clara Buskirk, Jackson, Mich. 

Jenn W. Coltrane, 84 N. Union St., Concord, N. C. 

Elsie M. Brown, Sioux Falls, S. D. 

^ ^ >jC 

Editor, Floy Rockwell, 1417 Grand Ave., Davenport, la. 

Chapter Roll. 

Alabama, Columbia College (S. C), Fairmont Seminary, Florida, 
Gunston Seminary, Hollins Institute, Illinois Wesleyan, Iowa 
State College, Judson College, Louisiana, Northwestern, Ran- 
dolph-Macon, St. Mary's School, Virginia Normal. 

Kappa Delta has 14 chapters, and 5 alumnae associations. 
The total membership is 700, the active membership 160, the 
average initiation 100. The diamond-shaped badge displays a 
dagger, the sorority's initials and the letters A. 0. T. in gold on a 
background of black enamel. The pledge pin is an open equi- 
lateral triangle of gold superimposed upon a dagger, straight 
lines connecting the centre of the base with the centre of each 
side. The flag is pennant shaped, bearing the Greek letters 
Kappa Delta in olive green on a background of white. 

Colors-Olive Green and White. Flower-White Rose. Jewel- 
None. Open Motto-W^e Strive For That Which Is Noble. 
Insignia-Skull, Cross-Bones, Skeleton Dagger, Snake. Patron- 
None. Call-None. 

Magazine-Angelos-1904. 

Next Convention-Louisville, Ky., April, 1910. 



Literary Sororities. 77 

Kappa Kappa Gamma. 

October 13, 1870. 

Grand Council. 

President, Edith Stoner, 1529 Wabash Ave., Kansas City, Mo. 
Secretary, Mrs. A. H. Roth, 264 N. 10th St., Erie, Pa. 
Treasurer, Mrs. P. R. Kolbe, 108 S. Union St., Akron, 0. 
Registrar, Margaret H. Bailey, 92 Fourth Ave., N. Y. G. 

j{j j{i jfj 

Editor, Mrs. Frederick W. Potter, 207 Pacific Ave., Piedmont, 
Gal. 

Chapter Roll. 

Adelphi, Adrian, Allegheny, Barnard, Boston, Buchtel, Butler, 
California, Colorado, Cornell, DePauw, Hillsdale, Illinois, Illinois 
Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis- 
souri, Montana, Nebraska, Newcomb, Northwestern, Ohio State, 
Pennsylvania, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Wash- 
ington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wooster. 

Kappa Kappa Gamma has 34 college chapters and 32 
alumnae associations. The total membership is about 5000, 
the active membership about 600, the average initiation 200. 
The badge is a key, bearing the society's initials and the date 
of founding in Greek. The pledge pin is a Delta of dark or 
light blue enamel bearing a Sigma in light or dark enamel. The 
sorority has no national flag. 

Colors-Light and Dark Blue. Flower-Fleur de Lis. 
Jewel-Sapphire. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Owl. Patron- 



78 Literary Sororities. 

Athena. Call-Hai Korai Athenes. 
Magazine-The Key-1882. 
Next Convention-Place not decided, August 24, 1910. 

Phi Mu. 

1852. 

Grand Ofl&cers. 
President, Louese Monning, 1001 Polk St., Amarillo, Texas. 
Vice-Presidents, Zenobia Wooten, 6132 Monroe Ave., Chicago. 

Marguerite Thompson, ''The Severn,'' Baltimore. 
Secretary, Bonito Hinton, 1407 First St., New Orleans. 
Treasurer, Elsa Scholtz, 1129 E. Broadway, Louisville, Ky. 
Historian, Willie Erminger, 279 College St., Macon, Ga. 
Reporter, Louise Daniels, Winston-Salem, N. C. 
Editor, Louise Atkinson, Newnan, Ga. 

Chapter Roll. 
Belmont College, Chevy Chase School, Hardin College, Hollins 
Institute, Newcomb, St. Mary's School, Southwestern, Ten- 
nessee, Wesleyan College. 

Phi Mu has 9 chapters and 2 alumnae associations. The 
total membership is 2000, the active membership 100, the 
average initiation 40. The badge is an oddly shaped shield of 
black enamel displaying in the centre a hand holding a heart. 
Above is a ribbon of gold bearing the sorority's letters and below 
another bearing three stars. The pledge pin is of black enamel 
and bears a gold Phi. The flag is of old rose with white lettering. 
Colors-Rose and White. Flower-Pink Carnation. Jewel- 
None. Open Motto-Les Soeurs Fideles. Insignia-Heart, Hand, 
Stars, Lamp, Lions. 



Literary Sororities. 79 

Magazine-The Aglaia-1907. 

Next Con vention- Ashe ville, N. C, June, 1910. 

Phi Mu Gamma. 

October 17, 1898. 

Grand Chapter. 

President, Amy C. Button, 686 Park Ave., N. Y. C. 
Secretary, Edith McFall, Charleston, S. C. 
Treasurer, Telete Scott, Canton, Ga. 

Chapter Roll. 

Brenau College, Emerson College of Oratory, Hollins Institute, 
Judson College, Louisiana, Miss Graham's School, New England 
Conservatory, The Veltin School. 

Phi Mu Gamma has 8 chapters and state alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 500, the active membership 
150, the average initiation 40. The badge consists of three 
graduated shields superimposed one above the other. The 
largest is of gold and is set with pearls and turquoise. Upon 
this rests a shield of black enamel and upon the latter another 
of gold, bearing the Greek letters of the society's name in black 
enamel. The pledge pin is a small shield of black enamel bear- 
ing a gold crescent. The flag bears a crescent and the letters 
in black and turquoise blue. 

Colors-Black and Turquoise Blue. Flower-Forget-me-not. 
Jewels-Pearl and Turquoise. Open Motto-None. Insignia- 
Crescent, Torch, XXVIII, A, K, Shield. 

Magazine-The Shield-1908. 

Next Convention-Undecided. 



80 Literary Sororities. 

Pi Beta Phi. 

April 28, 1867. 

Grand Council. 

President, May L. Keller, 1822 Linden Ave., Baltimore. 
Vice-President, Cora E. Marlow, 909 4th St., S. E., Minneapolis. 
Secretary, Elda L. Smith, 710 S. 6th St., Springfield, 111. 
Treasurer, Celeste Janvier, 1445 Webster St., New Orleans. 
Editor, Mrs. Lewis E. Theiss, 230 W. 111th St., N. Y. C. 

Chapter Roll. 

Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, Bucknell, Butler, California, 
Colorado, Denver, Dickinson, Franklin, George Washing- 
ton, Hillsdale, lUinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Iowa 
Wesleyan, Kansas, Knox, Lombard, Michigan, Middlebury, 
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Newcomb, Northwestern, Ohio 
State, Ohio, Simpson, Stanford, Swarthmore, S}Tacuse, Texas, 
Toronto, Vermont, Washington State, Washington, Wisconsin. 
Pi Beta Phi has 39 college chapters and 36 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 5200, the active membership 
900, the average initiation 250. The badge is an arrow about 
an inch in length, bearing the sorority letters upon the feathers. 
The pledge pin is an arrow head in burnished gold bearing the 
Greek letter Beta. The flag is an oblong with lower edge 
indented. Connecting the opposite corners are curved lines 
which divide the field into three parts. The central portion is 
of silver blue bearing in its upper part a monogram of the letters 
I and C surrounded by a halo and below this a monogram of the 



Literary Sororities. 81 

letters Pi Beta Phi. The lower point is apparently pierced by 
a gold arrow which overlaps the lateral sections of wine red, 

Colors-Wine Red and Silver Blue. Flower-Dark Red 
Carnation. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Ar- 
row. Patron-None. Call-Ring Ching Ching! Ho Hippi Hi! 
RaRo Arrow! Pi Beta Phi! 

Magazine-The Arrow-1885. 

Next Convention-Swarthmore, Pa., July, 1910. 

Sigma Kappa. 

November, 1874. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. Geo. O. Smith, 2137 Bancroft Place, Washington. 

Vice-President, Hila H. Small, 232 Highland Ave., Somerville, 

Mass. 
Secretary, Mrs. M. D. Linger, 710 Jersey St., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Treasurer, Mrs. W. W. Haviland, The Knoll, Lansdown, Pa. 

H« * ^ 

Editor, Grace A. Small, 232 Highland Ave., Somerville, Mass. 

Chapter Roll. 
Boston, Brown, Colby, Denver, George Washington, Illinois, 
Illinois Wesleyan, Syracuse. 

Sigma Kappa has 8 college chapters and 7 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 600, the active membership 
150, the average initiation 50. The badge is an equilateral 
triangle, supporting a raised triangle of maroon enamel with the 
sorority letters in gold. The pledge pin is a monogram of the 
letters. The sorority has no national flag. 



82 Literary Sororities. 

Colors-Maroon and Lavender. Flower- Violet. Jewel- 
None. Open Motto- One Heart, One Way. Insignia-Dove 
and Serpent. Patron-None. 

Magazine-Sigma Kappa Triangie-1907. 

Next Convention-Champaign, 111.. April, 1910. 

Sigma Sigma Sigma. 

April 20, 1898. 

Grand Chapter. 
President, Bess B. Brower, Gainesville, Va. 
Rec. Secretary, Emma H. Moffett, Lebanon, Ky. 
Cor. Secretary, Will L. Alexander, 714 Poplar Ave., Memphis, 

Tenn. 
Treasurer, Harriet P. Hankins, Garfield Hospital, Washington. 
Editor, Lucy L. Downey, 1327 S. 20th St.. Birmingham, Ala. 

Chapter Roll. 

HoUins Institute, Nashville, Randolph-Macon, Southwestern, 
Union, Virginia Normal. 

Sigma Sigma Sigma has 6 chapters and 2 alumnae associa- 
tions. The total membership is 400, the active membership 
100, the average initiation 50. The badge is an equilateral 
triangle with indented sides, the raised inner portion of black 
enamel having a Sigma in each corner and a skull and cross- 
bones in the centre. The pledge pin is an indented triangle 
superimposed upon a circle. The sorority flag is of purple 
crossed diagonally with a white band bearing the sorority 
letters in white, the purple spaces bearing a triangle and a 
circle in white. 



Literary Sororities. 83 

Colors-Purple and White. Flower-Violet. Jewel-None. 
Open Motto-Faithful Unto Death. Insignia-Skull, Cross- 
Bones, Triangle, Circle. Patron-None. 

Magazine-The Triangle-1905. 

Next Convention-Chattanooga, Tenn, September 7-9, 1909. 

Zeta Tau Alpha. 

October 25, 1898. 
Grand Chapter. 

President, May A. Hopkins, University Hall, Galveston, Tex. 

Secretary, Mrs. J. L. Bugg, Farmville, Va. 

Treasurer, Mary Patrick, Marion, Ala. 

Historian, Lorena B. Mason, 407 E. Main St., Richmond, Va. 

Editor, Grace Jordan, Forrest City, Ark. 

Chapter Roll. 

Arkansas, Bethany, Drury, Judson College, Randolph-Macon, 
Southwestern, Tennessee, Texas. 

Zeta Tau Alpha has 8 college chapters and 2 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 500, the active mem- 
bership 150, the average initiation 75. The badge, an artis- 
tically shaped shield, bears a crown in its centre, flanked by 
the letters Z. T. A. Below in Greek is the word Themis. The 
pledge pin is a five-pointed crown with the letters Z. T. A. raised 
or engraved. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors-Turquoise and Gray. Flower-White Violet. Jewel- 
None. Open Motto-Seek the Noblest. Insignia-Eye, Crown, 
Balance, Book, Carpenter's Square, A, Dove with Olive Branch, 



84 LiTERAKY Sororities. 

Swordj Chain, Burning Taper. Patron-Themis. Call-None. 
Magazine-Themis-1903. 
Next Convention-Galveston, Tex., June 14-16, 1910. 

CLASS B. 
Eta Upsiion Gamma. 

November, 1901. 

Grand Officers. 

President, Mrs. R. B. Caldwell, Kansas City, Mo. 
Vice-President and Editor, Frances McClure, Houstonia, Mo. 
Cor. Sec, Coila Von Trout Myers, 1331a Troost Ave., Kansas 

City, Mo. 
Rec. Sec, Agnes Pfeffer, Lebanon, 111. 
Treasurer, Byrd Barton, Sedalia, Mo. 
Organizer, Mildred Whitney, Mexico, Mo. 

Chapter Roll. 

Central College, Christian College, Forest Park University, 
Hardin College, Liberty Ladies^ College, Lindenwood College. 

Eta Upsiion Gamma has 6 chapters and 1 alumnae associa- 
tion. The total membership is 400, the active membership 100, 
the average initiation 50. The badge is diamond-shaped, the 
central portion being of black enamel and bearing the sorority's 
letters, clasped hands, a skull and cross-bones. The pledge pin 
is clasped hands of gold. The flag is of green with gold lettering. 

Colors-Green and Gold. Flower-Red Carnation. Jewels- 
Diamond and Pearl. Open Motto-Be True. Insignia-Hands, 



Literary Sororities. 85 

Skull, Cross-Bones, Diamond, Lamp, Triangle, Unicorn. 
Magazine-The Adamas-1909. 
Next Convention-St. Charles, Mo., June, 1910. 

Sigma Iota Chi. 

December, 1903. 

Grand Chapter. 

President, Mary C. Gibson, 1314 McGavock St., Nashville. 
Secretary, Myrtle Palfrey, Franklin, La. 
Treasurer, Charlotte D. King, Denver, Colo. 

* * * 

Editor, Judith Grigsby, 807 Palmer Place, Nashville. 

Chapter Roll. 

Belmont College^ Campbell-Hagerman College, Cincinnati Con- 
servatory, Gunston Seminary, Lindenwood College, Virginia 
College, Ward Seminary. 

Sigma Iota Chi has 7 chapters, but no alumnae associations. 
The total membership is 250, the active membership 80, the 
average initiation 40. The badge is a gold shield bearing a 
skull and cross-bones in black enamel and a white scroU^dis- 
playing the sorority letters. The pledge pin is a square of 
purple enamel with the letters in gold. There is no official flag. 

Colors-Purple and Gold. Flower- Violet. Jewel-None. 
Open Motto-Deus, Libertas, Lex. Insignia-Eagle, Arm, Star. 
Patron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-The Parchment-1907. 

Next Convention-Not decided. 



86 Literary Sororities. 

Theta Chi. 

September 25, 1893. 

Grand Council. 

President, Elizabeth Gallaher, Charleston, W. Va. 
Secretary, Margaret Worthington, 1816 H St., Washington. 

Chapter Roll. 

Central and East H. S. (Minneapohs), Chevy Chase School, 
Gunston Seminary, Lexington (Mo.), H. S., Pittsburg (Kans.), 
H. S. 

Theta Chi has 6 chapters and 2 alumnae associations. The 
total membership is 400, the active membership 100, the aver- 
age initiation 40. The badge is a Theta of pearls on a Chi set 
with rubies. The pledge pin is a small monogram of rose gold. 

Colors-Red and White. Flower-American Beauty Rose. 
Jewels-Pearls and Rubies. 



Musical Sororities. 87 



MUSICAL SORORITIES. 

The first of this class was Alpha Chi Omega founded at 
DePauw University in 1885 under the special patronage of 
Dean James L. Howe of the College of Music. Dean Howe 
believed so thoroughly in the advantages of these organizations 
that in 1892 he lent his aid to the establishment of a second 
similar society called Phi Mu Epsilon. Alpha Chi Omega has 
always been most progressive and has grown rapidly. In 1903 
it made a striking change in its policy, for instead of confining 
itself strictly to the colleges of music affihated with the institu- 
tions where its chapters were located, it admitted such students 
from the liberal arts departments as were taking courses in 
music. The Convention of 1908 went further and ruled that 
chapters might permit fifty per cent of their membership 
to be drawn from the liberal arts department with no music. 
By becoming Musical-Literary, as it is now called, it competes 
with the academic sororities and in consequence has been ad- 
mitted to the Inter-Sorority Conference. 

Phi Mu Epsilon remained a local for ten years, establishing 
its second chapter at Syracuse in 1902. Its badge was a harp 
with three strings across which ran a ribbon of black enamel 
bearing the sorority^s initials in gold. Its colors were lavender 
and white, its flower the white rose. In 1906 it affiliated with 
Mu Phi Epsilon, which was founded in 1903 at the Metropolitan 
College of Music located at Cincinnati by Dean W. S. Sterling, 



88 Musical Sororities. 

Elizabeth Mathias of the faculty and Calvin Vos, lawyer and 
member of Sinfonia and Phi Delta Theta fraternities. 

The musical sorority always labors under the disadvantage 
of drawing its material from a department where the average 
student remains only two years. Its influence; however, is 
very potent in holding its members to high standards of work 
along their chosen line. 

Mu Phi Epsilon. 

November 13, 1903. 
Supreme Council. 
President, Elfrida Langlois, Wyandotte, Mich. 
Vice-President, Eunice S. Parker, 211 University Place, Syra- 
cuse, N. Y. 
Secretary, AHce D. Davis, 925 Grand Ave., Price Hill, Cincinnati. 
Treasurer, Mrs. Mayme Worley, Kansas City, Mo. 
Historian, Blanche Brown, 4860 Fountain Ave., St. Louis, Mo. 

Chapter Roll. 

Chicago Conservatory, Detroit Conservatory, Ithaca Conserva- 
tory, Metropolitan Colleges of Music (Cincinnati and Indiana- 
polis), Michigan, St. Louis Conservatory, Syracuse, Toledo 
Conservatory. 

Mu Phi Epsilon has 9 chapters and 7 alumnae clubs. The 
total membership is 600, the active membership 125, the average 
initiation 75. The badge consists of a jewelled triangle bearing 
the Greek Letters and supporting another of black enamel 
ornamented with a lyre in gold. The pledge pin is a silver 
triangle bearing a raised lyre. 



Musical Sororities. 89 

Colors-Royal Purple and White. Flower- Violet. Jewel- 
Amethyst. Open Motto-Seeketh Not Her Own. Insignia- 
Lyre and Triangle. Patron-None. 

Magazine-Mu Phi Epsilon Year Book-1905. 

Next Convention-Indianapolis, May, 1910. 

Sigma Alpha Iota. 

June 12, 1903. 
Grand Officers. 

President, Grace Wood, DeKalb, 111. 

Vice-President, Ethel Herford, 6624 Kimbark Ave., Chicago. 

Secretary, Ida Kemmen, Evanston, 111. 

Chapter Roll. 

American Conservatory (Chicago), Detroit Conservatory, Ithaca 
Conservatory, Michigan, Northwestern. 

Sigma Alpha Iota has 5 chapters and 2 alumnae associations. 
The total membership is 250, the active membership 100, the 
average initiation 30. The badge consists of seven gold Pan 
pipes surrounded by a jewelled ellipse bearing the sorority's 
initials in gold on black enamel. The pledge pin is the Pan 
pipes alone. The flag is crimson with white letters. 

Colors-Crimson and White. Flower-Crimson Rose. Jewel- 
Pearl. Open Motto-Vita Brevis, Ars Longa. Insignia-Pan 
Pipes, Ellipse, Patron-None. 

Next Convention-Ithaca, N. Y., May, 1910. 



90 Medical Sororities. 



MEDICAL SORORITIES. 

The medical sororities are not numerous, for the num- 
ber of women students enrolled in the medical schools is still 
comparatively small. Opportunities for professional training 
along this special Hne are not lacking, as may be seen by a 
glance at the rolls of sororities listed under this head, but it is 
the liberal education that seems to appeal to the majority of 
girls who continue their studies beyond the secondary school. 

The first medical sorority w^as Alpha Epsilon Iota, founded 
in 1890. It was without a rival for a decade and at present has 
only one, Zeta Phi, for Epsilon Tau is confined to schools of 
homeopathy. 

Alpha Epsilon Iota. 

February 26, 1890. 

Grand Chapter. 

President, Dr. Rose T. Bullard, 1241 W. 8th St., Los Angeles, 

Cal. 
Secretary, Eleanor Whipple, 5543 Madison Ave., Chicago. 
Treasurer, Sarah Morris, Pittstown, Pa. 

Chapter Roll. 

California, Chicago, Cooper, Cornell, Illinois, Michigan, Min- 
nesota, Southern California, Women^s Medical College of Penn- 
sylvania. 



Medical Sororities. 91 

The total membership is 400, the active membership 100, 
the average initiation 40. The badge is a five-pointed star of 
black enamel with the letters of the society^s name in the three 
lowest angles. Above is a serpent^s head. 

Colors-Black, White and Green. Flower- White Carnation. 

Next Convention-Minneapolis, November 25-27^ 1909. 

Epsilon Tau. 

November 4, 1898. 

Chapter Roll. 

Boston, Chicago Hahnemann, New York Woman's. 

Colors-Fern Green and White. Flower-White Carnation. 

Zeta Phi. 

May 29, 1900. 

General Officers. 

President, Dr. Florence I. Stanton, Utica, N. Y. 
Secretary, Dr. Lillian G. Stevenson, Baltimore, Md. 
Treasurer, Dr. Anna W. Marquis, Norwich, N. Y. 

Chapter Roll. 

Johns Hopkins, Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, Women's Medical 
College of Pennsylvania. 

The total membership is 100, the active membership 25, 
the average initiation 10. The badge is a quartrefoil of black 
enamel, bearing a caduceus with wings and rod in white and 



92 Medical Sororities. 

serpents in gold. The letters Zeta and Phi appear in white to 
left and right of the caduceus. 

Colors-Black, White and Gold. Flower-Daisy. 

Next Convention-Toronto, January, 1910. 



Necrology of Chapters. 93 

NECROLOGY OF CHAPTERS. 

Alpha Chi Omega-Bucknell University, 1898-99. 

Alpha Delta Phi-Salem College, 1905-09; Mary Baldwin 

Seminary, 1906-08. 
Alpha Sigma Alpha-Lewisburg Institute, 1904-07; Mary 

Baldwin Seminary, 1905-08; Fauquier Institute, 1905-06; 

Fairmont Seminary, 1906-08. 
Beta Sigma Omicron, Christian College,^ 1888-94; Missouri 

Valley College, 1892-93; SedaUa, Mo., High School, 1898- 

1906; Pueblo, Colo., High School, 1902-06; Mary Baldwin 

Seminary, 1903-08; Potter College, 1906-09. 

* This College is located at Columbia, Mo., and the chapter roll 
included some who were students at the University of Missouri during 
these years. 

Chi Omega- Jessamine Female Institute, 1898-1902; Hellmuth 

Woman^s College 1899-1900; Belmont College, 1899-1903. 
Delta Delta Delta-University of Michigan, 1894-1900. 
Delta Gsiinmsi-Warren Female Institute,^ 1874-89; Water Valley 
Seminary, 1876-80; Peabody High School, Fairmont, Tenn., 
1877-?; BoHvar College, 1878-?; Franklin College, 1878-?; 
Hanover College, 1881-?; Fulton, Mo. Synodical College, 
1882-?; Mt. Union College, 1882-1909; St. Lawrence 
University, 1883-86; Adelbert College, 1883-88; University 
of Southern California, 1887-97. 

(Where dates are missing it indicates that the sorority's records are 
incomplete on these points. All such chapters were short lived, proba- 
bly not more than two years or so.) 

* Known also as Louis Institute and Oxford (Miss.) Female 
Institute. 



94 Necrology of Chapters. 

Eta Upsilon Gamma-Potter College, 1907-09. 

Kappa Alpha Theta-Moore's Hill College, 1871-74; Illinois 
Wesleyan University, 1875-95; Ohio University, 1876-86; 
Simpson College, 1879-91; Ohio Wesleyan University, 
1881-81; Hanover College, 1882-99; Wesleyan University, 
1883-87; University of Southern California, 1887-95 
Albion College, 1887-1908; University of the Pacific, 
1889-90. 

Kappa Kappa Gst^rama-Monmouth College, 1870-84; St. Mary's 
School (Knoxville, 111.), 1871-74; Smithson College, 1872-75 
Rockford Seminary, 1874-76; Franklin College, 1879-84; 
Simpson College, 1880-90; Ohio Wesleyan University, 
1880-84; St. Lawrence University, 1881-98 ;Lassell Seminary, 
1881-82; University of Cincinnati, 1885-85. 

Mu Phi Epsilon-De Pauw, 1905-09; New England Conservatory, 
1905-08. 

Phi Mu-Salem College, 1904-09. 

Phi Mu Gamma-Potter College, 1908-09. 

Pi Beta Fhi-Monmouth College, 1867-84; DePauw University, 
1868-68; South Iowa Normal School, 1881-87; Carthage 
College, 1882-88; York College, 1884-88; Callanan College, 
1886-89; Hastings College, 1887-87. 

Sigma Iota Chi-Potter College, 1905-09. 

Sigma Sigma Sigma-Lewisburg Seminary, 1903-08; Searcy 
Institute, 1905-07; Frederick Woman^s College, 1906-07. 

Theta Chi-Converse College, 1893-1900. 

Zeta Tau Alphsi-Virginia Normal School, 1898-1906; Hannah 
Moore Academy, 1900-04; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1904- 
06; Richmond College, 1905-08. 



Honorary Societies. 95 



HONORARY SOCIETIES. 

Honorary Greek-Letter societies grow more numerous with 
the years, as speciaUzation leads most naturally to differentia- 
tion in degrees and as university authorities endeavor to find 
some way of adding distinction to the student who has done 
work of unusual excellence. At present women are eligible 
to membership in four, — Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Phi 
Kappa Phi and Alpha Omega Alpha. Phi Beta Kappa was 
originally a secret fraternity, in practically all respects like 
those of the present time, but owing to force of circumstances 
its secrets became known and the society gradually assumed a 
new character. The three others, all founded within the last 
quarter century, were copied directly from Phi Beta Kappa 
with such changes as special needs demanded. 

Phi Beta Kappa stands for a liberal culture as represented 
by the humanities, Sigma Xi seeks to exalt scientific studies to a 
place of honor among the humanities, while Phi Kappa Phi 
aims to recognize high rank in any department of collegiate 
education. Alpha Omega Alpha is a medical society. Its 
object is high scholarship, honorably acquired and honestly 
employed. 

Phi Beta Kappa. 

Phi Beta Kappa was founded by five students at the College 
of WilUam and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., on December 5, 1776. 



96 Honorary Societies. 

Its avowed purpose was ^* A happy spirit and resolution of 
attaining the important ends of society/' With this aim in 
view much attention was given to essays and debates with an 
occasional banquet as an outlet for the youthful spirits of the 
members. The society was essentially secret, had a most bind- 
ing oath of fidelity and a pecuHar token of salutation. The 
original records give no clue to the source from which came the 
inspiration to form this secret Greek-Letter society, but the 
philosophical clubs then so common among the students at 
French and German universities may have led the founders to 
establish an organization that should stand for good fellowship. 
Then, too, the stirring times in which they lived, the burning 
oratory of Virginia patriots, the very Declaration of Independ- 
ence itself, doubtless suggested the value of a united brother- 
hood. 

Early provisions was made for placing branches elsewhere, 
for the organizers believed it was '^ Repugnant to the liberal 
principles of Societies that they should be confined to any 
particular place. Men or Description of Men, but that they 
should be extended to the wise and virtuous of every degree and 
of whatever country' \ There are records to show that the 
Beta, Gamma and Delta charters were granted, but none to 
indicate that such chapters ever existed. The War of the 
Revolution may have put an end to them as it did to the 
parent chapter. On January 3, 1781, the British fleet ap- 
peared off the coast and three days later the last meeting was 
held. It is interesting to learn from history that nearly one- 
third of the fifty members enlisted in the Continental Army, 
that seventeen served in the state legislature, that eight were 



Honorary Societies. 97 

members of the convention which ratified the Federal Constitu- 
tion, that two became United States Senators and five Repre- 
sentatives, that many of the others were famous men in their 
day. 

No attempt was made to revive the chapter at WiUiam 
and Mary until 1849, but the reorganized society had ex- 
isted for scarcely more than a decade, when the Civil War 
broke out. Another attempt was made in 1895, and the 
mother chapter is now in a vigorous condition and likely 
to remain so for many a year. The suspension of meet- 
ings in 1781 would in all probability have rung the death- 
knell of this most interesting organization had it not been 
for the fact that a Northern man, Elisha Parmele, Harvard, 
'79, went to Williamsburg for postgraduate work. Such 
an idea seems strange today, but in Colonial times William 
and Mary was the richest as well as the most thoroughly 
English of the colleges. Its Chancellors were the Bishops of 
London, its presidents their representatives. As the most 
prosperous college in the colonies it doubtless offered unusual 
opportunities along some lines. Mr. Parmele was initiated on 
July 31, 1779, and being strongly impressed with the possibilities 
for future growth, he asked for permission to establish branches 
at Harvard and Yale. The charters were called the Alpha of 
Massachusetts Bay and the Alpha of Connecticut. Eight 
years later these two chapters granted a charter to Dartmouth 
and for thirty years these colleges constituted the roll. 

When the Morgan craze against Free Masonry was arousing 
all New England in 1831, John Quincy Adams, Judge Story 
and other prominent men prevailed upon the Harvard chapter 



98 Honorary Societies. 

to give up its secrets. Edward Everett was sent to the Yale 
chapter to secure acquiescence. The records say that ^^ He 
touchingly set forth that the students of Harvard had such 
conscientious scruples as to keep them from taking the oath 
of secrecy and the society life was thus endangered. There 
was stout opposition, but the notion prevailed and the mission- 
ary returned to gladden the tender conscience of the Harvard 
boys.^^ 

The establishment of the chapter at Union College in 
1817 gave rise to the fraternity system of the present time, 
because it led directly to the founding of Kappa Alpha in 
1825. The newer organizations with their charm of se- 
crecy appealed strongly to the undergraduates, and little 
by little, as greater emphasis was laid upon scholastic records 
and honor men alone were elected to membership in Phi Beta 
Kappa, it transpired that the mother of fraternities lost many 
of its original characteristics and came to stand, as it does today, 
for a brotherhood of scholars. ^^ For nearly half a century,^' 
wrote Edward Everett Hale in 1879, in his ^'Fossil from the 
Tertiary'', ^' it was the only society in America that could 
pretend to be devoted to literature and philosophy. And 
it happened, therefore, that in the infant literature of the 
nation some noteworthy steps are marked by orations and 
poems delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa.'' Among the 
famous men whose names have appeared upon the programs 
of the great pubhc gatherings of the society are Adams, Everett, 
Story, Sumner, Beecher, Wendell Phillips, Webster, Choate, 
Bryant, Emerson, Holmes and Longfellow. The hundredth 
anniversary was noteworthy as suggesting the culmination of a 



Honorary Societies. 99 

movement that resulted in the formation in April of 1877 of an 
alumni association in New York City, known as the Phi Beta 
Kappa alumni. 

For more than a century the custom prevailed of requiring 
the consent of all Alpha chapters before a new Alpha could be 
established in a new state, all subsequent charter grants in that 
state being dependent upon the will of the Alpha. This most 
unsatisfactory method of establishing new chapters, the im- 
possibility of demanding uniform standards of scholarship, 
the entire lack of unity in a movement that was without definite 
organization, the absence of any system of literary activity, 
were conditions generally deplored, but no attempt was made 
to evolve a national organization until the Harvard chapter 
celebrated its- centenary on June 30, 1881. At this time the 
idea of a governing body was suggested and discussed, but no 
definite step taken. At a gathering, however, of delegates from 
sixteen chapters in New York, October 18, 1881, a resolution 
was made to recommend a permanent and a representative 
form of government. At Saratoga Springs, September 6-7, 
1882, delegates from fifteen chapters unanimously adopted a 
constitution which was eventually ratified by all the chapters. 
The organization was known henceforth as ^^ The United Chap- 
ters of Phi Beta Kappa". 

Under the present arrangement all applications for charters 
must be made to the Senators, a group of twenty prominent 
members of national reputation, who hold their office for six 
years, and each application must be endorsed by five existing 
chapters. The charter grants depend to a large extent upon the 
recommendations of these men, but the final decision is made at 



100 HoNORAEY Societies. 

the Triennial Convention, for no charters are issued without the 
consent of delegations representing a majority of chapters. 
Since the new constitution went into effect, the society has given 
evidence of greatly increased vigor. Eight triennial conven- 
tions have been held and forty-six charter grants have been 
made. Much has been done also to bring about the unification 
of the chapters and to secure higher standards. Only such 
institutions as grant the A. B. degi'ee in regular course are 
eligible to charters and no chapter is expected to elect to 
membership more than one-fourth of the graduating class. 
The recent movement to gather valuable historical data and 
to publish periodical literature is a most important one. 

Women were first admitted to membership about the year 
1875 by the chapter at the University of Vermont. The Cornell 
chapter has never made any sex distinction since its organization 
in 1882. The number of women on the rolls, however, was 
very small up to the year 1890, for until that time few^ chapters 
existed at colleges open to them. The decision of the past two 
conventions to grant charters to independent colleges for 
w^omen indicates that Phi Beta Kappa is well on the road to 
becoming truly representative of the highest scholarship in the 
United States. 

Sigma Xi. 

The Society of the Sigma Xi, as it is knowm officially, was 
founded at Cornell University in November, 1886, by a few 
earnest workers in the Engineering Sciences. Owing to an 
unfortunate laxity in keeping early records, the exact date of 
organization is not known. 



Honorary Societies. 101 

The aim of the society; as indicated in the motto^ Spoudon 
Xunones, Companions in Zealous Research, is to encourage 
original investigation in science, pure and applied, and to secure 
for scientific studies a place of honor among the humanities of a 
liberal culture. 

Chapters may be established at any institution offering 
courses of study in those subjects that it is the object of the 
society to promote, provided that these courses are substan- 
tially equivalent to the usual four years college course. The 
active membership is composed of resident professors, instruc- 
tors, graduate students and seniors. The last may never be 
more than one-fifth of the class. No distinction on account of 
sex has ever been made. 

Provision has also been made for alumni chapters, which 
may be established anywhere upon the application of five mem- 
bers of collegiate chapters. Alumni chapters have the right of 
suffrage at the convention and may elect to membership gradu- 
ates of other institutions of learning at which the society has no 
chapters. 

Phi Kappa Phi. 

Phi Kappa Phi was founded at the University of Maine, 
July 14, 1897. The motto means '^ The Love of Learning 
Rules the World ^^ and the aim of the incorporators was '' to 
provide a Fraternity, dedicated to the Unity and Democracy 
of Education and open to honor graduates of all departments of 
American Universities and Colleges''. All candidates for a 
baccalaureate or higher degree, without distinction as to sex, 
are eligible to membership in their senior yeai-, provided their 
scholarship entitles them to rank in the first third of the class. 



102 HoxoRAEY Societies. 

All applications for charters must be made to the Board 
of Regents, which is a sort of executive committee composed 
of the president general, the secretary general and thi^ee others. 
These five men have the power to investigate all applications 
and to make all charter grants. Active chapters may be es- 
tablished at universities and colleges ''of good standing^ \ 
Alumni chapters have as many votes in the convention as the 
active chapters, but have never received the right to elect new 
members to the fraternity. 

Alpha Omega Alpha. 

Alpha Omega Alpha was founded at the Medical School 
of the University of Ilhnois, August 25, 1902. Chapters 
are limited to medical schools of the highest standing, and the 
membership ma}' at no time exceed one-sixth of the graduating 
class. The constitution empowered the fraternity from the 
first to admit women. The motto means, ''To be worthy to 
serve the suffering. '^ 

Phi Beta Kappa. 

December 5, 1776. 
Officers. 

President, Edwin A. Grosvenor, LL.D., Amherst, Mass. 
Vice-President, Hon. John J. McCook. LL.D., N. Y. C. 
Secretary and Treasurer, Rev. Oscar M. Voorhees, High Bridge, 
N. J. 

Chapter Roll. 
Allegheny, Amherst, Baltimore, Boston, Bowdoin, Brown, 
Cahfornia, C. C. N. Y., Chicago, Cincinnati, Colby, Colgate, 



Honorary Societies. 103 

Colorado, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, 
DePauw, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, Hamilton, Har- 
vard, Haverford, Hobart, Illinois, Iowa, Iowa College (Grinnell), 
Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Kenyon, Lafayette, Lehigh, Marietta, 
Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, 
Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Northwestern, Oberlin, 
Ohio, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Princeton, Rochester, 
Rutgers, Smith, Stanford, St. Lawrence, Swarthmore, Syracuse, 
Texas, Tufts, Tulane, Union, Vanderbilt, Vassar, Vermont, 
Virginia, Wabash, Wellesley, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, 
William and Mary, Williams, Wisconsin, Yale. 

The badge was at first a square silver medal bearing on one 
side the letters S. P. and on the other the Greek letters of the 
society ^s name. Early in the northern history of the order 
the familiar watch key pattern of the present day was adopted. 
On one side are the Greek letters, which stand for the words 
Philosophia Biou Kubernetes, Philosophy the Guide of Life, 
and a hand pointing to one or more stars, symbolic of the so- 
ciety's lofty aspirations. The reverse bears the letters S. P., 
which means Societas Philosophica, the owner's name, college 
and class. The date of founding, December 5, 1776, appears 
on either side as taste dictates. Sometimes the S and P are 
arranged in a monogram, again side by side within a laurel 
wreath. There is no general rule governing the number of 
stars. The original number was three. Seven appeal to many 
chapters as the symbol of completeness, but certain states 
prefer to have each new branch add a star to the constellation. 
The number varies greatly from the single star used by the 
chapter at the University of Colorado to the ten required by the 
one at Rutgers College. 



104 Honorary Societies. 

Original Colors-Green and Pink. 

(Never formally adopted by the United Chapters.) 

Next Convention-Place not decided, September, 1910. 

Sigma Xi. 

November, 1886. 
Officers. 
President, Frank 0. Marvin, C. E., University of Kansas. 
Vice-President, Thomas H. Macbride, Ph. D., Iowa State 

University. 
Secretary, Henry B. Ward, Ph. D., University of Nebraska. 
Treasurer, James F. Kemp, Ph. D., Columbia University. 

Chapter Roll. 
Brown, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell, 
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, 
Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Purdue, 
Rensselaer, Stanford, Syracuse, Union, Washington State, 
Wisconsin, Worcester, Yale. 

The badge is a gold key bearing a monogi*am of the Sigma 
and Xi in black enamel. The seal is a laurel wreath sur- 
rounding ten stars and a lamp of research. 
Colors-Electric Blue and White. 
Next Convention-Boston, December 27-31, 1909. 

Phi Kappa Phi. 

July 14, 1897. 
Officers. 
President, George E. Fellows, Ph. D., LL. D., Orono, Me. 
Secretary, S. Francis Howard, M. S., Amherst, Mass. 



Honorary Societies. 106 

Registrar, James S. Stevens, M. S., LL. D., Orono, Me. 
Treasurer, Benjamin Gill, M. A., D. D., State College, Pa. 

Chapter Roll. 

Delaware, Maine, Mass. Agricultural, Pennsylvania College, 
Tennessee. 

The badge, which may be worn as a pendant, pin, or medal, 
is a flattened globe, bearing the letters Phi Kappa Phi and sur- 
rounded by the rays of the sun arranged in eight groups. The 
seal is a facsimile of the badge surrounded by a circle, above 
which is a row of stars to indicate the number of chapters, and 
below the words, ^Tounded 1897' \ The ribbon of the fraternity 
is white bearing in black the letters of the fraternity and the 
walls of Troy. The gown is of black with the ribbon on the 
front edge of the sleeves. 

Colors-Black and White. 

Next Convention-Place not decided, September, 1910. 

Alpha Omega Alpha. 

August 25, 1902. 
Officers. 

President, Winfield S. Hall, M. D., LL. D., Northwestern Uni- 

versity Medical School. 
Vice-President, Walter B. Cannon, A. M., M. D., Harvard 

Medical School. 
Secretary-Treasurer, William W. Root, B. S., M.D., 170 

Baldwin Ave., Detroit. 



106 Honorary Societies. 

Chapter Roll. 

California, Chicago, Columbia, Harvard, lUinois, Jefferson, Johns 
Hopkins, Michigan, Minnesota, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, 
Toronto, Washington, Western Reserve. 

The badge is a watch key bearing the society^s letters and 
the year of founding. 

Next Convention- With American Medical Association. 



Honorary Associations. 107 



THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE ALUMNAE. 

November^ 1881. 

General Officers. 

President, Laura D. Gill, 1326 19th St., Washington. 
Sec.-Treas., Mrs. EHzabeth L. Clarke, Wilhamstown, Mass. 
Bursar, Mrs. Charles T. VanWinkle, 319 I St., Salt Lake City. 

Roll. 

Barnard, Boston, Bryn Mawr, Cahfornia, Chicago, Cornell, 
Illinois, Kansas, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, 
Missouri, Nebraska Northwestern, Oberlin, Radcliffe, Smith, 
Stanford, Syracuse, Vassar, Wellesley, Wesleyan, Western 
Reserve, Wisconsin. 

Branches. 

Albany, Ann Arbor, Binghampton, Boise, Boston, Buffalo, 
Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbia (Mo.), Columbus, 
Denver, Des Moines, Detroit, Duluth, Fall River, Huntington, 
Indianapolis, Kansas City, Lawrence, Lincoln, Los Angeles, 
Madison, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New Haven, New York, 
Norfolk, Omaha, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Portland (Ore.), 
Providence, San Bernardino, San Francisco, San Jose, Seattle, 
Springfield (111.), Springfield (Mo.), St. Louis, St. Paul, Syracuse, 
Tacoma, Urbana (111.)? Washington. 

Annual Meeting-Cincinnati, October 26-30, 1909. 



108 Honorary Associations. 



SOUTHERN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE WOMEN. 

July, 1903. 

Officers. 

President, Mrs. Emma G. Boyd, 194 Washington St., Atlanta. 
Vice-Presidents, Caroline Carpenter, Nashville, Annie M. 

Dimmick, Montgomery, Ala., Adele Monroe, New Orleans, 

Beall Martin, Atlanta. 
Sec.-Treas., Eula Deaton, 123 Oakland St., San Antonio, Tex. 

Roll. 

Agnes Scott, Alabama, Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, Bryn 
Mawr, California, Chicago, Cornell, George Washington, Illi- 
nois, Kansas, Leland Stanford, Jr., Mass. Inst. Technology, 
Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, 
Newcomb, OberUn, RadcUffe, Randolph-Macon, Smith, Syracuse, 
Tennessee, Texas, Vanderbilt, Vassar, Wellesley, Wesleyan, 
Western Reserve, West Virginia, Wisconsin. 

Chapters. 

Atlanta, Birmingham, Baltimore, Knoxville, Little Rock, 
Montgomery, Nashville, New Orleans, Oxford, Raleigh, Rich- 
mond. 

Annual Meeting- Atlanta, April, 1910. 



Statistical Data. 109 

STATISTICAL DATA. 
Coeducational Colleges. 

With the exception of Oberlin College and Bates College 
which are opposed to fraternity life in any form, and Ohio 
Wesley an University and Colorado College, which admit fra- 
ternities but frown upon local societies among the women, 
there are practically no prominent coeducational colleges closed 
to sororities. The seventy-two institutions in the following list, 
to be sure, make up only one-fifth of the entire number of co- 
educational colleges mentioned by the United States Com- 
missioner of Education, but of the other four-fifths many are so 
far from attaining the standards set by the best colleges that 
the sororities are not ready to recognize them. Others that 
are of high grade have such a limited enrolment of women that 
sorority chapters seem unfeasible. 

Adelphi College. 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1896; Women admitted 1896; 
Valuation* $750,000; Endowment $113,000; Faculty 30, 
Men 19, Women 11; Students 491, Men 69, Women 422; Tuition 
$180; Expenses! $300; Degrees, B. A., M. A., B. S. 

Motto-The truth shall make us free. Colors-Brown and Gold. 

Sororities- 1905, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1907, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
1908, Delta Gamma. 

*Grounds, Buildings, Apparatus. 

jAverage annual cost to students in addition to tuition. 



110 Statistical Data. 

Adrian College. 

Adrian. Mich. 

Methodist Protestant; Opened 1859; Women admitted 
1859; Valuation S250,000; Endowment $100,000; Faculty 24, 
Men 15. Women 9; Students 195, Men 105, Women 90; Tuition 
$15; Expenses S200; Degi'ees. B. A.. B. S., Ph. B., B. L., B. M., 
M. A., M. S., Ph. M. 

Motto-Let the truth shiyie. Colors-Canary and Black. 

Sororities- 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma: 1890, Delta Delta Delta. 

University of Alabama. 

University, Ala. 

State; Opened 1831; Women admitted 1893; Valuation 
$350,000; Endo^vment $2,000,000; Facuhy 56; Students 471, 
Men 431. Women 40; Tuition Free; Expenses $150; Degi'ees, 
A. B., B. S., A. M.. M. S., C. E., M. E., M. D. 

Motto-Xone. Colors-Crimson and White. 

Sororities-1904, Kappa Delta; 1907, Alpha Delta Phi. 

Albion College. 

Albion. Mich. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened as Seminary 1843; as College 
1861; Women admitted 1843; Valuation $250,000; Endowment 



Statistical Data. Ill 

$280,000; Faculty 26, Men, 16, Women 10; Students 450, Men 
245, Women 205; Tuition $30; Expenses $250; Degree, B. A. 

Motto Lux Fiat. Colors-Pink mid Green, 

Sororities-1883, Delta Gamma: 1887, Alpha Chi Omega. 

Allegheny College. 

Meadville, Pa. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1815; Yv'omen admitted 
1872; Valuation $400,000; Endowment $550,000; Faculty 20, 
Men 16, Women 4; Students 323, Men 201, Women, 122; 
Tuition $60; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. 

Motto-None. Colors-Navy Blue and Gold. 

Sororities- 1882, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1891, Alpha Chi Omega. 

University of Arkansas. 

Fayetteville, Ark. 

State; Opened 1871; Women admitted in 1871; Valua- 
tion $1,000,000; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 75, Men 60, 
Women 15; Students 1200, Men 800, Women 400; Tuition Free; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., C. E., M. S., M. A., M. E., 
E. E., B. Mus. 

Motto-None. Color-Cardinal. 

Sororities-1895, Chi Omega; 1903, Zeta Tau Alpha. 



112 Statistical Data. 

Baker University. 

Baldwin, Kan. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1858; Women admitted 1868; 
Valuation $348,891; Endowment $101,573; Faculty 32, Men 20, 
Women 12; Students 724, Men 351, Women 373; Tuition $40; 
Expenses $250; Degi-ees, A. B., A. M. 

Motto-Let Mm he first a man. Color-Cadmium. 

Sororities-1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1908, Alpha Chi Omega. 



Bethany College. 

Bethany, W. Va. 

Christian; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1881; Val- 
uation $200,000; Endowment $125,000; Faculty 18, Men 14, 
Women 4; Students 256, Men 190, W^omen 66; Tuition $36; 
Expenses $160; Degrees, A. B., A. M., B. S., B. L. 

MoUo-None. Colors-White and Green. 

Sororities-1903, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Zeta Tau Alpha. 

Boston University. 

Boston, Mass. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1873; Women admitted 1873; 
Valuation $840,000; Endowment $1,131,586; Faculty 158, Men 
164, Women 4; Students 1600, Men 1119, Women 481; Tuition 



Statistical Data. 113 

$125; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., S. B., S. T. B., S. T. D., 
LL. B., J. B., LL. M. J. M., J. D., LL.D., M. D., M. B., Ch. B., 
A. M., Ph. D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Scarlet and White. 

Sororities- 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1883, Alpha Phi; 1887, 

Gamma Phi Beta; 1888, Delta Delta Delta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1904, 
Sigma Kappa; 1898, Epsilon Tau (Med.) 

Buchtel College. 

Akron, O. 

Universalist; Opened 1872; Women admitted 1872; Valua- 
tion $200,000; Endowment $175,000; Faculty 17, Men 11, Wom- 
en 6; Students 241, Men 115, Women 126; Tuition $40; Expenses 
$160; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., S. B. 

Motto-Let there he light. Colors-Navy Blue and Old Gold. 

Sororities-1877, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1879, Delta Gamma. 

Butler College. 

Indianapolis, Ind. 

Christian; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; Valuation 
$300,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 17, Men 14, Women 3; 
Students 464, Men 236, Women 228; Tuition $45; Expenses 
$200; Degrees A. B., A. M. 

Motto-None. Colors-Blue and White. 

Sororities-1874, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1878, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1879, Pi Beta Phi. 



114 Statistical Data. 

University of California. 

Berkeley, Cal. 

State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$3,771,388.87; Endowment $3,568,835.42; Faculty 487, Men 
447, Women 40; Students 3450, Men 2193, Women 1257; 
Tuition Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. L., B. S., 
M. A. M. S., M. L., Ph. D., M. C. E., M. E., Mech. E., M. D., 
LL. B., D. D. S., Pharm. B., Ph. C. 

Motto-Let there he light. Colors-Blue and Gold. 

Sororities-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1890, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
1896, Gamma Phi Beta; 1900, Delta Delta Delta, Pi Beta Phi; 1901, 
Alpha Phi; 1902, Chi Omega; 1907, Alpha Omicron Pi, Delta Gamma; 
1909, Alpha Chi Omega; 1905, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) 

Cincinnati University. 

Cincinnati, 0. 

City; Opened 1819; Women admitted 1874; Valuation 
$3,357,308; Endowment $951,936; Faculty 150, Men 130, 
Women 20; Students 1298, Men 622, Women 676; Tuition Free; 
Expenses $350; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. D. 

Motto-Alta Petit. Colors-Scarlet and Black, 

Sorority-1892, Delta Delta Delta. 

University of Colorado. 

Boulder, Col. 

Stat^; Opened 1877; Women admitted 1877; Valuation 
$900,000; Endowment None; Faculty 135, Men 123, Women 12; 



Statistical Data. 115 

Students 1041, Men 683, Women 358; Tuition Free; Expenses 
$300; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., C. E., E. E., 
M. K, M. D., LL. B. 

Motto-Let your light shine. Colors-Silver and Gold. 

Sororities-1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1885, Delta Gamma; 1901, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma; 1906, Chi Omega; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega. 

Cornell University, 

Ithaca, N. Y. 
Nonsectarian; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; Valua- 
tion $6,000,000; Endowment $8,500,000; Faculty 580, Men 573, 
Women 7; Students 3985, Men 3584, Women 401; Tuition $100; 
Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D., LL. B., M. D., 
D. V. M., C. E., M. E., M. C. E., M, M. E., B. S. in Arch., M. S. 
in Arch., B. S. in Agr., M. S. in Agr. 

Motto-None. Colors-Carnelian and White, 

Sororities- 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1885, Delta Gamma; 1889, Alpha Phi; 1908, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1909, 
Delta Zeta; 1903, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) 

University of Denver. 

University Park, Colo 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1864; Women admitted 1880; 
Valuation $300,000; Endowment $380,000; Faculty 160, Men 
160, Women 10; Students 1324, Men 682, Women 642; Tuition 
$45; Expenses $200, Degrees, A. B., A. M., M. S., Ph. D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Red and Yellow. 

Sororities-1885, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Gamma Phi Beta; 1908, Sigma 
Kappa. 



116 Statistical Data 

DePauw University. 

Greencastle. Ind. 

Methodist Episcopal: Opened 1S37: Women admitted 1867; 
Valuation $475,000: Endowment $550,000: Faculty 42, Men 27, 
Women 15: Students 1006, Men 484, Women 515: Tuition $50; 
Expenses $300; Degi^ees. A. B.,, A. M. 

Motto-Decus Lumenque Reipublicae CoUegiuiyi. Color-Old Gold. 

Sororities-ISTO. Ivappa Alpha Theta: 1875, Ivappa Ivappa Gamma; 
1885, Alpha Chi Omega; 1888,, Alpha Phi: 1907, .Aipha Omicron Pi, 
1908, Delta Delta Delta, .llpha Gamma Delta; 1909, Delta Zeta. 

Dickinson College. 

Carlisle. Pa. 

Xonsectarian: Opened 17S3: Women admitted 1SS3: Valua- 
tion $850,000: Endowment S375.000: Faculty 32: Students 5S0, 
Men 483, Women 97: Tuition S6.25: Expenses ?275: Degrees, 
A. B.. Ph. B.. B. S., A. M. 

Motto-Xofie. Colors-Red and White. 

Sororities-1903. Pi Beta Plii: 1907. Clii Omega. 

Drury College. 

Springfield. Mo. 

Xonsectarian: Opened 1873: Women admitted 1873: Valua- 
tion $550,000; Endowment S400.000: Faculty 24. Men 21. 
Women 3: Students 193. Men 99. Women 94: Tuition S40; 
Expenses S150: DegTees. A. B.. B. S.. A. M.. S. M. 

Motto-Chrlsto et Humanitati. Colors-Scarlet and Gray. 

Sorority-1909, Zeta Tati Alpha. 



Statistical Data. 117 

Franklin College. 

Franklin, Ind. 

Baptist; Opened 1837; Women admitted 1869; Valua- 
tion $176,090; Endowment $293,375; Faculty 15, Men 8, 
Women 7; Students 320, Men 134, Women 186; Tuition $63; 
Expenses $160; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. B., M. B. 

Motto-Christianity and Culture. Colors-Navy Blue and Old Gold. 

Sorority-1888, Pi Beta Phi. 

George Washington University. 

Washington, D. C. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1821; Women admitted 1884; 
Valuation $1,200,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 185; 
Students 1508; Men 1258, Women 250; Tuition $150; Expenses 
$250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., C. E., E. E., 
M. E., M. D., Pharm. G., LL. B. 

Motto-Deus Nobis Fiducia. Colors-Continental Buff and Blue, 

Sororities-1889, Pi Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Sigma Kappa. 

Hillsdale College. 

Hillsdale, Mich. 

Free Baptist; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; Valua- 
tion $120,098; Endowment $251,983; Faculty 23, Men 16, 
Women 7; Students 360, Men 140, Women 220; Tuition $27; 
Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., A. M., B. Pd. 

Motto-Virtus Tentamine Gaudet. Colors-Ultramarine Blue. 

Sororities-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Pi Beta Phi. 



118 Statistical Data. 

University of Illinois. 

Urbana, 111. 

State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
$3,500,000; Endowment $645,000: Faculty 482, Men 442, 
Women 40; Students 4316. Men 3400, Women 916: Tuition 
Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B.. B. S., A. M., M. S., Ph. D., 
B. L. S., LL. B., M. D., M. E.. C. E., E. E.. M. Arch., M. Agr. 

Motto-Learning and Labor. Colors-Orange arid Blue. 

Sororities-189o, Kappa Alpha Theta: 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1899, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Alpha Clii Omega; 1900, Chi Omega; 
1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1906, Sigma Ivappa, Delta Gamma; 1898, Alpha 
Epsilon Iota (Med.) 



Illinois Wesleyan University. 

; Bloomington, 111. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1850; Women admitted 1877; 
Valuation $140,000; Endowment $118,161; Faculty 45, Men 30, 
Women 15; Students 970, Men 500, Women 470; Tuition $51; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., LL. B., 
B. M. 

Motto-Scientia et Sapientia, Colors-Green and White. 

Sororities-1873, Kappa Ilappa Gamma; 1906, Sigma Kappa; 1908, 
Kappa Delta. 



Statistical Data. 119 

University of Indiana. 

Bloomington, Ind. 

State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1867; Valuation 
$800,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 82, Men 77, Women 5; 
Students 2470, Men 1525, Women 945; Tuition Free; Expenses 
$250; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D., M. D. 

Motto-Lux Et Veritas, Colors-Green and Crimson, 

Sororities-1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1872, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Delta Gamma; 1909, Delta Zeta. 

Iowa State College. 

Ames, la. 

State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1868; Valuation 
$2,323,012; Endowment $686,778; Faculty 177, Men 122, 
Women 55; Students 1766, Men 1597, Women 169; Tuition 
Free; Expenses 200; Degrees, B. S., C. E., M. E., D. V. M., 
M. S. A., M. S., M. A. E., 

Motto-Science with Practice. Colors-Cardinal and Gold. 

Sorority-1877, Pi Beta Phi; 1908, Kappa Delta. 

University of Iowa. 

Iowa City, la. 

State; Opened 1847; Women admitted 1847; Valuation 
$3,000,000; Endowment $235,000; Faculty 150, Men 143, Wom- 
en 7; Students 2472, Men 1598, Women 874; Tuition $20; 



120 Statistical Data. 

Expenses $200; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., 
LL. B., M. D., D. D. S., Ph. G., Ph. C. 

Motto-None. Color-Old Gold. 

Sororities-1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Pi Beta Phi; 1887, 
Delta Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 



Iowa Wesleyan University. 

Mt. Pleasant, la. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1844; Women admitted 1844; 
Valuation $160,000; Endowment $61,000; Faculty 28, Men 16, 
Women 12; Students 400; Men 210, Women 190; Tuition $45; 
Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. B., Litt. B. 

Motto-None. Colors-Blue and White. 

Sororities-1868, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Alpha Xi Delta. 

University of Kansas. 

Lawrence, Kans. 

State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1866; Valuation 
$1,500,000; Endowment $150,000; Faculty 140, Men 121, 
Women 19; Students 2210, Men 1364, Women 846; Tuition $10; 
Expenses $260; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. S., M. A., Ph. D., LL.B., 
C. E., E. E., M. E., Ph. G., Mus. B. 

Motto-None. Colors-Harvard Crimson and Yale Blue. 

Sororities-1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma 1902, Chi Omega. 



Statistical Data. 121 

University of Kentucky. 

Lexington, Ky. 

State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 0000; Valuation 
$1,000,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 52, Men 47, Women 
5; Students 468, Men 398, Women 70; Tuition Free; Degrees 
B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S. 

Motto-None. Colors-None. 

Sororities-1908, Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Xi Delta. 

Knox College. 

Galesburg, 111. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1840; Women admitted 1845; 
Valuation $273,918.71; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 31, 
Men 18, Women 13; Students 607, Men 165, Women 442; 
Tuition $60; Expenses $230; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. 

Motto-None. Colors- Purple and Old Gold, 

Sororities-1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta. 

Lawrence College. 

Appleton, Wis. 

Interdenominational; Opened as seminary 1849; Chartered 
as a college 1853; Women admitted 1849; Valuation $460,000; 
Endowment $630,000; Faculty 40, Men 25, Women 15; Students 
415, Men 233, Women 182; Tuition $50; Expenses $250; 
Degree, A. B. 

Motto-None. Colors-Yale Blue and White. 

Sorority-1908, Alpha Delta Phi. 



122 Statistical Data. 

Leland Stanford, Jr., University. 

Palo Alto, Cal. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1891; Women admitted 1891; Valua- 
tion $30,000,000; Endowment $25,000,000; Faculty 136, Men 
130, Women 6; Students 1600, Men 1100, Women 500; Tuition 
$10; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph.D., LL. B., M. E., 
E. E. 

Motto-None. Color-Cardinal. 

Sororities-1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Delta Gamma; 1899, Alpha Phi; 1905, Gamma 
Phi Beta; 1909, Delta Delta Delta. 

Lombard College. 

Galesburg, 111. 
Universalist; Opened 1851; Women admitted 1851; Valua- 
tion $160,000; Endowment $275,000; Faculty 16, Men 14, 
Women 2; Students 108, Men 52, Women 56; Tuition $60; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., B. D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Gold and Olive. 

Sororities-1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, Alpha Xi Delta. 

University of Louisiana. 

Baton Rouge, La. 
State; Opened 1860; Women admitted 1890; Valuation 
$1,000,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 38, Men 37, 
Women 1; Students 426, Men 495, Women 31; Tuition Free; 
Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., C. E., E. E., M. E. 

Motto-None. Colors-None. 

Sororities- 1908, Phi Mu Gamma, Kappa Delta. 



Statistical Data. 123 

University of Maine. 

Orono, Me. 

State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; Valuation 
$339,000; Endowment $218,300; Faculty 90, Men 86, V/omen 
4; Students 884, Men 854, Women 30; Tuition $60; Expenses 
$250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., LL. B., Ph. C, M. A., M. S., LL. M., 
a E., M. E., E. E. 

Motto-None. Color-Light Blue. 

Sorority-1908, Alpha Omicron Pi. 

Miami University. 

Oxford, O. 
State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1892; Valuation 
$560,000; Income 1908-09 $150,000; Faculty 45, Men 38, Women 
7; Students 535, Men 320, Women 215; Tuition $30; Expenses 
$300; Degree A, B. 

Motto-Prodesse Quant Conspici. - Colors-Red and White. 

Sorority-1902, Delta Zeta. 

University of Michigan. 

Ann Arbor, Mich. 

State; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
$2,851,378; Endowment $1,172,946; Faculty 344, Men 335, 
Women 9; Students 5082, Men 4258, Women 724; Tuition $20; 
Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., A. M., M. S., D. S., Ph. D. 

Motto-Artes, Scientiay Veritas. Colors-Maize and Blue. 

Sororities-1879, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1882, Gamma Phi Beta; 1885 
Delta Gamma; 1888, Pi Beta Phi; 1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1892, 
Alpha Phi; 1898, Alpha Chi Omega; 1906, Chi Omega; 1890, Alpha 



124 Statistical Data. 

Epsilon Iota, (Med.); 1903, Sigma Alpha Iota/f(Mus.) 1904, Mu Phi 
Epsilon, (Mils.). 

In addition to the national sororities there is a local society called 
Sorosis, established in 1886. It is non-secret, being a branch of New 
York Sorosis, which was founded in 1868. Its aims and methods, however, 
are very similar to those of its rivals. The total membership is 200, 
the average active membership 20, the average annual initiation 6. 
The badge is a monogram of an Old English S and a simple C jewelled. 
The pledge pin is an oval of rose gold bearing a C linked to the upper 
part of the S. The colors are yellow and white. 



University of Minnesota. 

Minneapolis, Minn. 

State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$4,550,000; Endowment $1,400,000; Faculty 239, Men 218, 
Women 21; Students 4846, Men 3418, Women 1438; Tuition 
$20; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. D., LL. B., 
C. E., E. E., M. E., M. D., D. D. S., B. Pharm., B. S., B. Ag., 
M. Ag., A. C. 

MottO'None, Colors-Maroon and Gold, 

Sororities-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Delta Gamma; 1889, 
Kappa Alpha Theta; 1890, Alpha Phi; 1890, Pi Beta Phi; 1894, Delta 
Delta Delta; 1902, Gamma Phi Beta; 1907, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, Alpha 
Gamma Delta; 1901, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.). 



Statistical Data 125 

University of Mississippi. 

Oxford, Miss. 

State; Opened 1848; Women admitted 1882; Valuation 
$1,450,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 28, Men 27, Women 
1; Students 344, Men 282, Women 62; Tuition Free;Ex- 
enses $150; Degrees, B. A., B. S., B. E., M. A., LL. D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Red and Blue. 

Sororities-1899, Chi Omega; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 

University of Missouri. 

Columbia, Mo. 

State; Opened 1840; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$3,488,464; Endowment $1,257,838; Faculty 172, Men 164, 
Women 8; Students 2854, Men 2076, Women 778; Tuition Free; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., LL. B., 
M. D., C. E., M. E., E. E. 

Motto-None. Colors-Old Gold and Black. 

Sororities-1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Pi Beta Phi; 1909, 
Kappa Alpha Theta, Delta Gamma. 

University of Montana. 

Missoula, Mont. 

State; Opened 1895; Women admitted 1895; Valuation 
$350,000; Endowment $850,000; Faculty 25, Men 18, Women 
7; Students 184, Men 83, Women 101; Tuition Free; Expenses 
$300; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S. 

Motto-None. ♦ Colors-None. 

Sororities-1909, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Kappa Alpha Tlieta. 



126 Statistical Data. 

Mt. Union College. 

Alliance, O. 
Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1846; Women admitted 1846; 
Valuation $325,000; Endowment $122,000; Faculty 29, Men 18, 
Women 11; Students 524, Men 250, Women 274; Tuition $54; 
Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. 

Motto-Sit Lux. Color-Roy ol Purple, 

Sororities-1902, Alpha Xi Delta; 1909, Alpha Sigma Alpha. 

University of Nashville. 

Nashville, Tenn. 
Nonsectarian; Opened 1875; Women admitted 1875; 
Valuation $250,000; Endowment $70,000; Faculty 41, Men 6, 
Women 35; Students 1031, Men 629, Women 404; Tuition $15; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., B. L., M. D. 

MoUo-None. Colors-Garnet and Blue, 

Sorority-1904, Sigma Sigma Sigma. 

University of Nebraska. 

Lincoln, Neb. 
State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$1,800,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 246, Men 185, 
Women 61; Students 3611, Men 2077, Women 1534; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $225; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., 
LL.B.,M.D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Scarlet and Cream, 

Sororities- 1884, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 

1888, Delta Gamma; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1903, 

Chi Omega; 1904, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1906, Alpha Phi; 1907, Alpha 

Chi Omega. 



Statistical Data. 127 

New York University. 

New York, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1831; Women admitted *1886; 
Valuation $3,200,000; Endowment $1,085,000; Faculty 259, 
Men 242, Women 17; Students 4200, Men 3280, Women 920; 
Tuition $100; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., B. S., B. C. S., 
M. A., M. S., Ph. D., Pd. M., Pd. D., LL. B., LL. M., J. D., M. D., 
D. V. S. C. E. 

*The undergraduate college proper is not open to women. 
Motto-Perstare Et Praestare. Color-Violet. 

Sorority- 1900, Alpha Omicron Pi. 



Northwestern University. 

Evanston, 111. 

Methodist Episcopal; opened 1855; Women admitted 1873; 
Valuation $9,038,604; Endowment $7,070,139; Faculty 445- 
Men 403, Women 42; Students 3668, Men 2325, Women 1343, 
Tuition $100; Expenses $450; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M.; 
M. S., Ph. D. 

Motto-Quaecumque Sunt Vera. Color-Roy cd Purple. 

"^' Sororities- 1881, Alpha Phi; 1882, Delta Gamma, Kappa Kappa Gam- 
ma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, Alpha 
Chi Omega; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1901, Chi 
Omega; 1907, Kappa Delta; 1909, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1904, Sigma 
Alpha Iota (Mus.). 



128 Statistical Data. 

Ohio State University. 

Columbus, 0. 

State; Opened 1872; Women admitted 1872; Valuation 
$4,010,000; Endowment $830,000; Faculty 209, Men 193, 
Women 16; Students 3050, Men 2550, Women 500; Tuition Free; 
Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., C. E., M. E., 
E. M.,LL. B.,LL. M., D. V. M. 

Motto-None. Colors- Scarlet and Gray. 

Sororities-1888, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1892, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, Delta Delta Delta. 

Ohio University. 

Athens, 0. 

State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
$1,500,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 53, Men 33, Women 
20; Students 1462, Men 653, Women 809; Tuition Free; Ex- 
penses $200; Degrees A. B., Ph. B., B. S., B. Ped. 

Motto-Prae Omnibus Virtus. Colors-Olive Green a?id White. 

Sorority-1889, Pi Beta Phi; 1908, Alpha Gamma Delta. 

University of Oklahoma. 

Norman, Okla. 

State; Opened 1893; Women admitted 1893; Valuation 
$400,000; Endowment $3,670,000; Faculty 54, Men 44, Women 
10; Students 646, Men 410, Women 236; Tuition Free; Degrees, 
B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. G. 

Motto-Xone. Color s-Crimso7i and Cream. 

Sorority-1909, I^ppa Alpha Theta. 



Statistical Data. 129 

University of Oregon. 

Eugene, Ore. 

State; Opened 1877; Women admitted 1877; Valuation 
$1,000,050.57; Endowment $50,000; Faculty 102, Men 95, 
Women 7; Students 827, Men 532, Women 295; Tuition Free; 
Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. A., M. S., C. E., M. E., 
Mech. E., M. D., LL. B., 

Motto-Mind Moves Mass, Colors-Lemon Yellow and Green, 

Sororities-1908, Gamma Phi Beta; 1909, Chi Omega, Kappa Alpha 
Theta. 

University of Pennsylvania. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 
Nonsectarian; Opened 1740; Women admitted 1876*; Valua- 
tion $16,000,000; Endowment $8,000,000; Faculty, 454; 
Students 4570; Men 4170, Women 400; Tuition $150; Expenses 
$350; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., C. E., M. E., 
LL. B., M. D., D. D. S., V. M. D. 

*A11 undergraduate departments are not open to women. 
Motto-Literae Sine Morihus Vanae. Colors-Crimson and Navy Blue. 
Sororities-1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 

Simpson College. 

Indianola, la. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1867; Women admitted 
1867; Valuation $133,000; Endowment $90,211; Faculty 46; 
Men 27, Women 19; Students 929, Men 458, Women 471; 



130 Statistical Data. 

Tuition $41; Expenses $125; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. B., B. 
Mus. A. M., Ph. M., M. S. 

Motto-Xo7ie. Colors-Red and Old Gold. 

Sororities-1874,, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta; 1907, Alpha 
Chi Omega. 

University of South Dakota. 

Vermilion, S. D. 

State: Opened 1881: Women admitted 1881; Valuation 
$500,000; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 50, Men 39, Women 
11; Students 454, Men 274, Women 180; Tuition Free; Expenses 
$200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., B. Mus., LL. B. 

Motto- Veritas . Color- Vermilion. 

Sorority-1903, Alpha Xi Delta. 

University of Southern California. 

Los Angeles, Cal. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1880; Women admitted 1880; 
Valuation $300,000; Endowment $400,000; Faculty 205, Men 
189, Women 16; Students 1383, Men 1013, Women 370, Tuition 
$70; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. D., LL. B., 
LL. M., D. D. S., B. D., Ph. G., C. E., E. E. 

MoUo-PcUmam Qui Meruit Ferat. Color-Gold, 

Sorority-1895, Alpha Chi Omega. 



Statistical Data. 131 

Southwestern University. 

Georgetown, Tex. 

Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1873; Women admitted 
1893; Valuation $300,000; Endowment SIOO^OOO; Faculty 28, 
Men 19, Women 9; Students 455, Men 219, Women 236; Tuition 
$63; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. 

Motto-None. Colors-Xone. 

Sororities-1906, Sigma Sigma Sigma; 1906, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1907, 
Alpha Delta Phi; 1908, Phi Mu. 

St. Lawrence University. 

Canton, N. Y. 

Universalist; Opened 1861; Women admitted 1861; Valua- 
tion $200,000; Endowment $490,000; Faculty 26, Men 25, 
Women 1; Students 455, Men 352, Women 103; Tuition $50; 
Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., B. D., LL. B. 

Motto-Fides Et Veritas, Colors-Scarlet and Brown. 

Sorority-1891, Delta Delta Delta. 

Swarthmore College. 

Swarthmore, Pa. 

Friends; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$875,000; Endowment $973,000; Faculty 32, Men 26, Women 6; 
Students 343, Men 137, Women 206; Tuition $150; Expenses 
$300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. S., C. E., M. E., E. E. 

Motto-None. Color-Garnet. 

Sororities-1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma. 



132 Statistical Data. 

Syracuse University, 

Syracuse. X. Y. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1S71: Women admitted 
1871; Valuation $3,193,128; Endowment S2.0S1.450: Faculty 
232, Men 190, Women 42; Students 3201, Men 1545. Women 
1656; Tuition $108; Expenses $350; Degi'ees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., 
B. At., B. Mus., B. L.. B. Pd., B. L. S.. M. D., LL. B.. C. E., 
E. E., M. E. 

MotUhSuas Cultores Scientia Coroiiat. Col-or-Orange. 

Sororities-1872, Alpha Phi. Gamnia Phi Beta; 1SS3, Ivappa Kappa 
Gamma; 1889,, Kappa .AJpha Theta; 1896. Delta Delta Delta; 1897, Pi 
Beta Phi; 1901. Delta Gamma: 1904, Alpha Xi Delta, Alpha Gamma 
Delta; 1905, Sigma Ivappa; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega; 1900. Zeta Phi 
(Med.); 1905, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.). 



University of Tennessee. 

' Knoxville, Tenn. 

State; Opened 1794; Women admitted 1893; Valuation 
$762,500; Endowment $427,000; Faculty 103, Men 103, Women 
5; Students 973, Men 731, Women 242; Tuition Free; Expenses 
$250; Degrees. A. B.. B. S.. B. S. A., A. M.. M. S.. M. E., E. E., 
C. E.. M. S. A., LL. B., LL. M., M. D., D. D. S. 

Motto-Veritate?n Cog?wscetis Et Veritas Vos Liberabit. 

Colors-Orange aJid White. 
Sororities-1900, CM Omega; 1902, .Alpha Omicron Pi: 1904, Zeta 
Tau.\lpha: 1908, Phi Mu. 



Statistical Data. 133 

University of Texas. 

Austin, Tex. 

State; Opened 1883; Women admitted 1883; Valuation 
$800,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 120, Men 105, 
Women 15; Students 2273, Men 1433, Women 840; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $150; Degrees, B. A., M. A., C. E., LL.B., M. D. 

MottO'None. Colors-Orange and White, 

Sororities-1902, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1904, 
Kappa Alpha Theta; 1904, Chi Omega; 1906, Zeta Tau Alpha, Alpha 
Delta Phi. 

Toronto University. 

Toronto, Can. 

Government; Opened 1843; Women admitted 1884; 
Valuation $3,500,000; Endowment $5,800,000; Faculty 223, 
Men 221, Women 2; Students 2333, Men 1792, Women 541; 
Tuition $52; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. D., 
M. B., M. D., LL. B., LL. M., C. E., E. E., M. E., D. D. S., 
B. S. A. 

MottO'Velut Arbor Aevo. Colors-Azuret Argent. 

Sororities-1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1906, Alpha Phi; 1908, Pi 
Beta Phi, Zeta Phi (Med.). 



134 Statistical Data. 

Transylvania University. 

Lexington, Ky. 

Christian; Opened 1799; Women admitted 1889; Valuation 
$452,000; Endowment $550,000; Faculty 64, Men 61, Women 
3; Students 1109, Men 992, Women 117; Tuition $30; Expenses 
$200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., LL. B., LL. D., M. D. 

Motto-In Immine Illo Tradimus Lumen, Color-Crimson. 

Sororities-1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Beta Sigma Omicron; 1908, 
Delta Delta Delta. 

Tufts College. 

Tufts College, Mass. 

Universalist; Opened 1852; Women admitted 1892; Valua- 
tion $2,500,000; Endowment $1,500,000; Faculty 217, Men 
214, Women 3; Students 1115, Men 987, Women 128; Tuition 
$125; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., B. D., 
M. D., D. M. D. 

Motto-Pax Et Lux. Colors-Brown and Blue. 

Sororities-1907, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1909, 
Zeta Phi (Med.). 

Union University. 

Jackson, Tenn. 

Baptist; Opened 1845; Women admitted 1890; Valuation 
$125,000; Endowment $175,000; Faculty 20, Men 13, Women 
7; Students 300, Men 200, Women 100; Tuition $60; Expenses 
$150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. 

Motto-Religio et Eruditio.. Colors-Cardinal and Cream, 

Sorority-1903, Chi Omega; 1909, Sigma Sigma Sigma. 



Statistical Data. 135 

Vanderbilt University. 

Nashville, Tenn. 

Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1875; Women admitted 
1888; Valuation $700,000; Endowment $1,500,000; Faculty 10; 
Students 884, Men 854, Women 30; Tuition $100; Expenses 
$250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., D. Sc, Ph. D., B. E., 
C. E., M. E., E. M., E. E. 

Motto-None. Colors-Gold and Black, 

Sorority-1904, Kappa Alpha Theta. 

University of Vermont. 

Burlington, Vt. 

State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1871; Valuation 
$1,038,500; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 45; Students 362, 
Men 297, Women 65; Tuition $80; Expenses $300; Degrees, 
A. B., Ph. B., B. S., M. S., C. E., E. E., M. E., M. D. 

Motto-Stvdiis Et Rebus Honestis. Colors-Green and Gold. 

Sororities-1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1893, Delta Delta Delta; 
1898, Pi Beta Phi. 

University of Washington. 

Seattle, Wash. 

State; Opened 1861; Women admitted 1861; Valuation 
$2,500,000; Endowment $3,000,000; Faculty ^ 96, Men 93, 
Women 3; Students 1846, Men 1059, Women 787; Tuition Free; 



136 Statistical Data. 

Expenses $300: Degrees, A. B.. A. M.. LL. B.. B. S., M. E., C. E., 
M. E.. E. E., Forestry, Pharm. 

Motto-Lux-Sit. Colors-Purple arid Gold. 

Sororities-1903. Delta Gamma: 1903, Gamma Phi Beta: 1905, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma, 1907, Pi Beta Phi,, Alpha Xi Delta: 1908. Ivappa Alpha 
Theta: 1909, .-Upha Gamma Delta, Chi Omega, Delta Delta Delta. 

Washington University. 

St. Louis. Mo. 

Xonsectarian: Opened 1S59: Women admitted 1S70; Valua- 
tion S9. 631.390. 66: Endowment $7,800,821.96: Faculty 169; 
Students 1058, Men 710, Women 348; Tuition $150; Expenses 
$250: Degrees, A. B., B. S.. M. A., M. S.. Ph. D., M. D., D. D. S., 
LL. B.. C. E.. M. E.. E. E.. Chem. E.. B. Arch. 

Motto-Per Veritatem Vi^. Colors-Myrtle and Maroon. 

Sororities-1906, Kappa .\lpha Theta: 1907, Pi Beta Phi. 

Wesleyan University. 

Middletown. Conn. 

Methodist Episcopal: Opened 1831; Women admitted 1872; 
Valuation $973,250; Endowment $1,572,485; Faculty 37, Men 
36, Women 1; Students 328. Men 303, Women 25; Tuition $85; 
Expenses $400: Degrees. A. B.. B. S., M. A.. M. S. 

Motto-Xone. Colors -Cardinal and Black. 

Sororities-1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1906, .-Upha Gamma Delta. 



Statistical Data. 137 

University of West Virginia. 

Morgantown, W. Va. 

State; Opened 1867; Women admitted 1889; Valuation, 
$769,000; Endowment, $115,769; Faculty 84, Men 72, Women 
12; Students 1257, Men 700, Women 557; Tuition $50; Expenses 
$200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., LL. B., M. E., C. E. 

Motto-To-Faith Virtue and to Virtue Knowledge. 

Colors-Old Gold and Navy Blue. 
Sororities-1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Chi Omega; 1906, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma. 

University of Wisconsin. 

Madison, Wis. 

State; Opened 1850; Women admitted 1867; Valuation 
$4,206,257.88; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 397, Men 368, 
Women 29; Students 4521, Men 3449, Women 1172; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $400; Degrees, B. A., B. S., Ph. B., M. A., M. S., 
Ph. D. 

Motto-Numen Lumen. Color-Cardinal. 

Sororities-1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1881, Delta Gamma; 1884, 
Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, 
Alpha Phi; 1898, Delta Delta Delta; 1902, Chi Omega; 1903, Alpha Chi 
Omega; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Alpha Gamma Delta. 

Wittenberg College. 

Springfield, O. 

Lutheran; Opened 1845; Women admitted 1874; Valuation 
$150,000; Endowment $350,000; Faculty 21, Men 19, Women 2; 



138 Statistical Data. 

Students 366, Men 244, Women 122; Tuition $50; Expenses 
$200; Degrees, A. B., B. D., M. A. 

MoUo-Hamng Light They Will Give to Others. 

ColorS'Cardinol and Cream. 

Sorority-1904, Alpha Xi Delta. 



Wooster University, 

Wooster, 0. 

Presb}i:erian; Opened 1870; Women admitted 1870; Valua- 
tion $1,580,000; Endowment $705,000; Faculty 40, Men 29, 
Women 11; Students 667, Men 371, Women 296; Tuition $45; 
Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. 

Motto-Ex Viio Fonte. Colors Old Gold and Black. 

Sororities- 18 75, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma. 

Independent Colleges for Women. 

Of the fourteen independent colleges for women ranked 
as '^ A ^^ by the United States Commissioner of Education, 
three. The Woman's College of Baltimore, Randolph-Macon 
Woman's College and Wesleyan College, admit sororities, five, 
Elmira, Smith. Wellesley. Mills and Mt. Holyoke sanction local 
Greek letter societies and four. Vassar, Bryn MaT\T, Wells and 
Trinity are opposed to the fraternity system in any form. It 
does not seem so remarkable a circumstance that Vassar and 
Wells, established before sororities had gained any headway or 



Statistical Data. 139 

any standing, are opposed to their admission as that Elmira^s 
first President and Wellesley's founder made ample provision 
for similar societies which are today an essential part of the 
life of these two colleges. The attitude of the Woman^s 
College of Baltimore and Randolph-Macon^s Woman's Col- 
lege in admitting sororities is probably due to the fact that 
they were not opened until the women's fraternities had 
established themselves in the leading universities of the country 
and had had opportunity to demonstrate their usefulness as a 
factor in college life. This idea is borne out by the fact that 
all the independent women's colleges started since 1885, with 
the exception of Bryn Mawr and Trinity, sanction sororities in 
some form or other. Whether the Woman's College of Balti- 
more and Randolph-Macon Woman's College, which are under 
Methodist control, were influenced by the experience of other 
Methodist colleges, DePauw, Syracuse, Boston, and North- 
western, which have been known for years as strong fraternity 
centres it is not the province of this article to say, but the fact 
is certainly noteworthy. 



Bryn Mawr. 

Bryn Mawr, Pa. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1885; Valuation $1,784,000; Endow- 
ment $1,200,000; Faculty 47, Men 27, Women 20; Students 441; 
Tuition $200; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D. 

Motto-Veritatem Dilexi. Colors-Yellow and White. 



140 Statistical Data. 

Elmira College. 

Elmira, N. Y. 

Presbyterian; Opened 1885; Valuation $200,000; Endow- 
ment $72,000; Faculty 18. Men 7, Women 11; Students 229; 
Tuition $100; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. 

MoUo-None. Colors-Purple and Gold. 

As early as the year 1856 a literary society, kno^ii as Calisopliia, was 
organized under the guidance of President Augustus W. Coles, D. D. 
Union 1841, who for the period of thirty-five years administered the affairs 
of the college and who still holds an honored place on the faculty. Cali- 
sophia remained the only society for ten years, but owing to differences 
some of its members formed a new society, June 7, 1866, to which was 
give the name of Philomathea. It was not long before the rivals took on 
aU the characteristics of fraternity life and the change to Greek-Letter 
societies resulted quite naturally. Prior to 1903, membership was lim- 
ited only by the T\*ish of the active members, but at that time the admin- 
istration decided that neither should carry a chapter of more than twenty- 
five members. 

Kappa Sigma was founded in 1856, and has about 700 members. 
The badge is a monogram of the two letters intertwined and is frequently 
set with emeralds and pearls. The colors are green and white, and the 
pennant is green with a white monogram like the badge. The open motto 
is ''Per Aspera Ad Astra." The society has a handsomely furnished room 
in the college building. 

Phi Mu was founded June 7, 1866, and has about 600 members. The 
badge is a monogram, usually set with rubies and pearls, the Phi super- 
imposed upon the Mu. The pledge pin is a monogram stick pin of the 
same style, but much smaller. The colors are red and gold, the flower 
the yellow chrysanthemum. The pennant is of red satin with Phi Mu in 
gold letters. The society has rooms with appropriate fittings. 



Statistical Data. 141 

The Fraternity of Thespis was founded in October, 1901, but is not 
a secret organization, its chief purpose being the production of dramatic 
performances, based upon careful study and work. Members of Kappa 
Sigma and Phi Mu are on its roll. The badge is a skull and crossbones of 
oxydized silver with emeralds in the eyes. The society has a room in the 
college building and a hall on the campus known as Thespis Hall in which 
is the club's theatre. 



Mills College. 

Mills College, Cal. 

Nonsectarian; Opened as a seminary 1871; Chartered as a 
college 1885; Present departments, seminary, making up the 
bulk of attendance, and college; Valuation $450,000; Endow- 
ment $300,000; Faculty 39, Men 8, Women 31; College Students 
65; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. L. 

Motto-For Christ and the World. Colors-White and Gold. 

Mu Sigma Sigma, founded October 14, 1897, was started as a society 
that should include all college students who wished to join, but was changed 
in 1900 to a secret organization. The total membership is 90. The badge 
is a gold Mu with the Sigmas superimposed upon it. The Sigmas may 
be jewelled, but only pearls or diamonds are used, as the society's colors 
are wliite and gold. The badge worn by pledge members is a monogram 
stick pin, a Pi superimposed upon a Sigma. 

Delta Theta Delta was established in 1899 and was the first secret 
society at Mills. The total membership is 80. The badge is an oblong 
of black enamel with the letters of the society's name in gold. The colors 
are green and black. 



142 Statistical Data. 

Mount Holyoke College. 

South Hadley, Mass. 

Nonsectarian; Opened as a seminary 1837; Chartered 
as a college 1888; Preparatory department dropped 1893; 
Valuation $869,961.19; Endowment $801,000; Faculty 97, 
Men 8, Women 89; Students 720; Tuition $125; Expenses $200; 
Degrees, A. B., A. M. 

MoUo-Psalm CLXIV-XIL Color-Pale Blue, 

Sigma Theta Chi was founded in 1887. The total membersliip is 
160, the average active membership 25. The badge is composed of the 
three Greek let t err, either plain or jewelled, fastened to a gold bar three- 
quarters of an inch long. 

Xi Phi Delta was founded in 1891. The total membership is 150, 
the average active membership 25. The badge is a diamond-shaped 
shield supporting another of black enamel surrounded by a twist of gold. 
The three letters are of gold and are placed in order along the short diago- 
nal. The colors are purple and gold, the flower the pansy. 

Psi Omega was founded in 1897. The total membership is 125, the 
average active membership 25. The badge is a shield of gold, supporting 
another of black enamel surrounded by a fine gold beading. The second 
shield bears the letters in gold, the Psi being placed above the Omega. 

Gamma Kappa was founded in 1898. The total membership is 80, 
the average active membership 20. The badge is a monogram of the two 
letters, the Gamma superimposed upon the Kappa. The color is red, 
the flower the red rose. 

Chi Delta Theta was founded in 1902. The total membership is 70, 
the average active membership 20. The badge is an equilateral triangle 
set with pearls and supporting an inner triangle of black enamel with the 
gold letters of the society's name in the angles. The color is old gold, 
the flower the yellow rose. 



Statistical Data. 143 

Randolph-Macon Woman's College. 

Lynchburg, Va. 

Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1893; Valuation 
$631,000; Endowment $218,000; Faculty 40, Men 15, Women 
25; Students 414; Tuition $75; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., 

A. M. 

Motto-None. Colors-Lemon and Black, 

Sororities-1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1903, Alpha 

Omicron Pi; 1903, Kappa Delta; 1904, Sigma Sigma Sigma; 1905, Delta 

Delta Delta; 1908, Alpha Sigma Alpha. 

Rockford College. 

Rockford, 111. 

Nonsectarian; Opened as a seminary 1849; Chartered 
as a college 1892; Present departments, preparatory and col- 
lege; Valuation $190,000; Endowment $154,754; Faculty 22, 
Men 2, Women 20; Tuition $75; Expenses $275; Degrees, 

B. A., B. S. 

Motto-Decus Et Veritas. Colors-Purple and White. 

Smith College. 

Northampton, Mass. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1875; Valuation $675,500; En- 
dowment $1,276,000; Faculty 117, Men 31, Women 86, Students 
1565; Tuition $100; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 

Motto-Add to Your Virtue Knowledge. ' Color-White. 



144 Statistical Data. 

For a number of years there was only one Greek-Letter society at 
Smith, but later when the college grew large enough to support two and 
when it seemed that competition would add strength and inspiration to 
the one already formed, it was decided that five members should go out 
from the first and organize a second on similar lines. These five were 
finally volunteers, as the matter was too delicate a one to put to vote. 
As a reward for their self-sacrifice they were permitted to retain their 
original membership, but they were the only students who ever belonged 
to both organizations. 

Although these two Greek-Letter Societies are not regarded by either 
students or faculty as secret sororities, the difference between them and 
the local secret societies at other colleges is very slight. The large mem- 
bership precludes any very close friendship such as the sororities seek to 
foster, and for this reason they resemble the class societies in vogue at 
some of the men's colleges. The letters of the Greek names have a special 
significance for the initiated and neither meetings nor membership are 
open. Rushing however, has been eliminated by a unique custom of 
allowing each society in turn first choice. One year one society has the 
pri\dlege of making the first dra\\dng, but the next year it goes to the other. 
If the society elects three members, the other takes the same number the 
following week, and so the drawings go on imtil the entire delegation is 
selected. Since it is just as much honor to belong to the one as to the 
other, no one ever refuses an offer from one in the hopes of receiving an 
in\dtation from the other. There are always sixty members in each at 
the close of the year and this number is invariably made up of twenty-five 
seniors, twenty jimiors, and fifteen sophomores, though sophomores are 
not admitted until after the Christmas recess. The basis of member- 
ship is high scholarship, special literary power, or marked executive ability. 
Meetings are held once in three weeks at the rooms that each society has 
in the Students' Building. They are usually of a literary character, fol- 
lowed by a social gathering, but quite often a play is given. Once a year 
each has an open meeting when some interesting speaker delivers a lecture. 

The Alpha Society was founded three years after the college was 
opened. It aims to pro\4de instruction and entertainment for its mem- 
bers. The badge is of Roman gold and is a facsimile of a primitive Greek 
Alpha. The club color is red. 



Statistical Data. 145 

Phi Kappa Psi was founded in February, 1887. It aims to encourage 
a high grade of scholarship, especially along literary lines, and to bring into 
intimate relations those who have congenial interests. The badge con- 
sists of three equilateral triangles of white enamel, each bearing one letter 
of the society^s name in gold and all meeting at a common centre under a 
single pearl. Each one of the three equal spaces between the triangles is 
filled with a gold fleur de lis. The club color is gold, the flower the daf- 
fodil. 

Trinity College. 

Washington, D. C. 

Catholic; Opened 1900; Valuation $80,000; Endowment 
$10,000; Faculty 25, Men 8, Women 17; Students 110; Tuition 
$100; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B. 

Motto-JJnitas in Trinitate. Colors-Silver and White. 

Vassar College. 

Poughkeepsie, N. .Y 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1865; Valuation $2,784,314; Endow- 
ment $1,385,754; Faculty 101, Men 17, Women 84; Students 
1018; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 

Motto-None. Colors-Rose and Gray. 

Wellesley College. 

Wellesley, Mass. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1875; Valuation $1,706,525; En- 
dowment $806,000; Faculty 96, Men 12, Women 84; Students 
1096; Tuition $175; Expenses $300; Degrees B. A., M. A. 

Motto-Non Ministrari Sed Ministrare. Color-Dark BliLe. 



146 Statistical Data. 

In November, 1876, Mr, Henry F. Durant, founder of Wellesley Col- 
lege, suggested to representative students that two societies devoted to 
social and literary ends should be organized. In June, 1881, these were 
disbanded because of faculty opposition, but were reorganized eight years 
later through the efforts of the charter members. There is a general 
impression among sorority women that Wellesley societies are not secret 
organizations, since they publish their formal programs in the college 
papers. It is true that only two. Phi Sigma and Zeta Alpha, were secret 
in the beginning, but since 1889 all claim that they are both secret and 
select, and emphasize the fact that they do not tell outsiders even their 
colors or their flowers. 

In the early history of the societies freshman were admitted, but as 
years went on there was a marked tendency on the part of all to postpone 
the elections to membership. This conservatism culminated in an inter- 
society compact made in June, 1904, to extend to invitations to new mem- 
bers before the first day of Christmas vacation of their sophomore year. 
With the increasing attendance, it seems only a question of time when the 
societies will restrict their membership to the junior and senior classes. 

The society houses at Wellesley are unlike the fraternity houses of 
other colleges, which usually serve as homes for their members during the 
college course. They resemble the handsomely furnished club house of 
city and town and contain a hall for meetings, a library, a den, a kitchen 
and cloak rooms. 

Phi Sigma was founded November 6, 1876, with sixteen charter mem- 
bers. Its aim is to give ''Additional literary training and social inter- 
course, to strengthen character, to uphold scholarship and to unite the 
interests of the undergraduates' \ The society was disbanded in 1881, 
and reestablished May 17, 1889. It is the only Wellesley society that 
placed a chapter elswhere, the Beta chapter being located at Wesleyan 
University, Middletown, Conn., from 1893-1903. The total member- 
ship of the Alpha Chapter is 350, the average active membership 25. The 
badge is a shield of black enamel set with pearls and bearing the Greek 
letters of the society's name in gold. The society has a handsome house 
on the college grounds near Lake Waban. It was built in 1900 and is a 
model of an Italian villa. 



Statistical Data. 147 

Zeta Alpha was founded November 6, 1876, discontinued in June, 
1881 and reestablished in the Fall of 1889. The society always has one 
open meeting during the year to show its guests something representative 
hf its work. Its annual colonial ball has become quite a feature of the col- 
lege life. The total membership is 375, the average active membership 25. 
Its badge and that of Sigma Psi of the College for Women of Western 
Reserve University are identical in size and shape, but the pin of Zeta 
Alpha is all of gold with a fascmile of an old Roman lamp across the centre. 
In the upper angle is a star set with a turquoise and in the lower angle 
are the letters Zeta and Alpha in blue enamel. The Society's house is a 
handsome colonial structure with the grounds laid out to represent an old 
colonial garden. 

The Shakespeare Society was founded April, 1877. Its aim is ''The 
systematic study of Shakespeare as a means of development. It was 
at first an open club and many who belonged to Phi Sigma or Zeta Alpha 
were enrolled among its members, but when these two were reestablished 
in 1899 as secret societies, it was put upon the same basis. The total 
membership is 625, the average active membership 40. The badge is a 
gold mask with a silver quill through the left eye and above the mask 
the facsimile of Shakespeare's autograph on his will. The society's house, 
erected in 1898 on Tree Day Green, is a copy of Shakespeare's birthplace 
at Stratford and is one of the picturesque sights of Wellesley. The 
annual play, presented out of doors in Rhododendron Hollow, is always 
one of the memorable occasions of the commencement season. 

Tau Zeta Epsilon was founded in 1899 as the ''Art Society". The 
name was changed in 1895, but the aim remained the same, viz. "To 
disseminate an artistic spirit and an appreciation of the beautiful in cre- 
ative art and nature on the one hand, on the other to bring its members 
into closer fellowship with one another". The total membership is 250, 
the active membership 40. The badge is of gold and represents an ancient 
chariot wheel with a wing fastened on the axle. On the felloe are the 
initials of the society's name in violet enamel. The society's house, con- 
taining a hall, fashioned after the old English style with plastered walls, 
heavy timbers, high wainscoting, fire place and balcony is one of the feat- 
ures of the Wellesley campus. The members give two unique affairs 
each year, the Studio Reception and the Fall Musical. 



148 Statistical Data. 

The Agora received its charter giving it a right to exist as one of the 
six societies of Wellesley in 1892. Up to that time it had been a pohtical 
club founded by a few freshmen in the \dllage who met to discuss pohtical 
questions. Its aim is ^^To create in its members an intelligent interest 
in the political questions of the day". The total membership is 200, the 
average active membership 40. The badge represents the helmet of 
Athena and bears upon the crest the word Agora in Greek characters of 
Wellesley blue enamel. The society ^s house is beautifully situated near 
Lake Waban and is built somewhat after the style of a Greek temple. 
The Agora gives three prominent entertainments during the year, a Recep- 
tion on Washington's Birthday, a Military Ball during the Spring and an 
Open Meeting at which the society shows to about 600 guests what its 
work is. 

Alpha Kappa Chi was founded May 14, 1892, as ''the Classical Society". 
Its aim was ''To further the interest in ancient Greek and Roman drama, 
literature and art and their influence on modern drama, literature and 
art". In 1897 the name was changed and the society became a secret 
organization. The total membership is 200, the average active member- 
ship 30. The badge is a scroll of black enamel. The society house, 
erected recently and not yet finished, is modelled after a private Roman 
house and is lighted entirely from above. 



Wells College. 

Aurora, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1868; Valuation $183,500; Endow- 
ment $263,000; Faculty 22, Men 7, Women 15; Students 155; 
Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees, B. A., M. A. 

Motto-Habere Et Dispertire. Color-Cardinal, 



Statistical Data. 149 

The Woman's College of Baltimore. 

Baltimore, Md. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1888; Valuation $1,400,000; 
Endowment $785,000; Faculty 27, Men 14, Women 13; Students 
356; Tuition $150; Expenses $300. Degree, A. B. 

Motto-I Thess. V. 23. Colors-Dark Blue and Old Gold, 

Sororities-1891, Alpha Phi; 1892, Delta Gamma; 1893, Gamma 
Phi Beta; 1896, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1897, Pi Beta Phi; 1899, Delta 
Delta Delta; 1909, Alpha Gamma Delta. 

In addition to these branches of the national organizations there is 
a prominent local society called Tau Kappa Pi, which was organized in 
1892, and has a total membership of 150. The society has no desire to 
afl&liate with any sorority and though it has a national charter it does not 
intend to establish other chapters. The badge is an arch bearing the let- 
ters of the society's name and a Sphinx head. The colors are old rose 
and white, the flower the chrysanthemum. 

Affiliated Colleges. 

The word afl&Uated is used to designate such colleges for 
women as are under the supervision or tutelage of the adminis- 
tration of a college for men. The woman's college may, or 
may not, have an individual name, but in every case the separa- 
tion is complete. 

Affiliated colleges are not numerous, but, few as they are, 
they show many marked differences in the methods employed 
in furnishing the instruction to the women students. In the 
case of Radcliffe, opened in 1879, by a corpora.tion under the 
name of ^'The Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women'', 



150 Statistical Data. 

but popularly known as ^^Harvard Annex" until its incorpora- 
tion as a college for women in 1894, the instruction is given by 
members of the Harvard faculty. Though most of its courses 
are identical with courses in Harvard and all are of the same 
grade as those given by the University, yet many listed in the 
different departments of the College of Arts and Sciences are not 
open to students at Radcliffe. Newcomb College was opened 
in 1886 and is affiliated with Tulane University, but it is located 
in a different section of New Orleans and has a faculty of its 
own. The recent Phi Beta Kappa charter grant to Tulane has 
been interpreted as including Newcomb. At Barnard, opened 
in 1889 and incorporated as an undergraduate woman's college 
of Columbia, the courses are given by professors appointed 
by the trustees of the University. Barnard gi-aduates re- 
ceive their degrees from Columbia and may take up post- 
graduate work at the University under the same conditions as 
men. Brown University admitted women informally to certain 
privileges as early as 1892 and established the Woman's College 
as a regular department in 1897. Western Reserve University 
became coeducational in 1872, but made a change in policy in 
1888. As long as coeducation existed the woman were eligible 
to Phi Beta Kappa. In 1906 at the suggestion of the fraternity's 
senate, a special Woman's Section of the Western Reserve chap- 
ter was formed and arrangement made to include past graduates 
of the Woman's College. Florida State College, opened at 
Tallahassee in 1851, became coeducational in 1888, but altered 
this arrangement in 1905, when it established a college for 
women at Tallahassee, and a college for men. called Florida 
Universitv, at Gainesville. 



Statistical Data. 151 

Radclifife is the only affiliated college where no form of the 
Greek-Letter Society exists, but this is due to local conditions 
rather than to any definite policy of opposition on the part 
of the administration. In the case of the Woman's College of 
Western Reserve the authorities feel that the local societies 
are best for the women students, though fraternities are coun- 
tenanced among men. 

Barnard College. 

New York, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1889; Valuation $561,007; Endow- 
ment $700,000; Faculty 67, Men 52, Women 15; Students 624; 
Tuition $150; Expenses $600; Degree A. B. 

Motto-Hepomene To Logismo. Colors-Pale Blv£ and White, 

Sororities- 1891, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1897, Alpha Omicron Pi; 

1898, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1901, Gamma Phi Beta; 1903, Alpha Phi; 

1903, Delta Delta Delta; 1904, Pi Beta Phi; 1906, Chi Omega. 

Brown University. 

Providence, R. I. 

Baptist; Opened 1764; Women admitted 1892; Woman's 
College created 1897; Valuation $2,125,000; Endowment 
$2,500,000; Faculty 84, Men 81, Women 3; Students 994, Men 
814, Women 180; Tuition $105; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., 
Ph. B., B. S., M. S., A. M., Ph. D. 

Motto-Deo Speramus. Colors- Brown and White, 

Sororities-1897, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1908, Sigma Kappa. 



152 Statistical Data. 

Florida State College for Women. 

Tallahassee, Fla. 

State; Opened as affiliated college 1905; Faculty 23, Men 9, 
Women 14; Students 257; Tuition Free; Expenses $107; De- 
grees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., 

MottO'None. Colors-Royal Purple and Old Gold, 

Sororities-1904, Kappa Delta; 1908, Chi Omega, Alpha Kappa Psi; 
1909, Alpha Delta Phi. 

Newcomb College. 

New Orleans, La. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1887; Valuation $700,000; Endow- 
ment $3,100,000; Faculty 38, Men 12, Women 26; Students 
460; Tuition $100; Expenses $225; Degree, A. B. 

Motto-None. Colors-Light Blue and Bronze, 

Sororities-1891, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1900, Chi 
Omega; 1904, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Alpha Delta Phi; 1907, 
Phi Mu. 

Radcliffe College. 

Cambridge, Mass. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1879; Valuation $871,000; Endow- 
ment $530,000; Faculty 102, Men 102, Women 0; Students 468; 
Tuition $200; Expenses $550; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Crimson and White. 



Statistical Data. 153 

Western Reserve University. 

Cleveland O. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1826; Women admitted 1872; 
Woman^s College created 1888; Valuation $1,672,585; Endow- 
ment $2,019,142; Faculty 214, Men 191, Women 23; Students 
104, Men 674, Women 337; Tuition $100; Expenses $400; 
Degrees, A. B., A. M. 

Motto-None. Colors-Gold and White. 

Delta Phi Upsilon was founded in 1893. The total membership 
is 76. Its founders intended that only students of Greek should be ad- 
mitted, but this policy has been changed within the last few years. The 
badge is of dark blue enamel, fancifully shaped, outlined with gold scroll 
work and bearing the Greek letters in gold. The pledge pin is a circle 
of gold with a bar across the centre. On the upper half of the circle 
are the words Delta Phi Upsilon, engraved in Greek characters. The 
colors are dark blue and gold, the flower, the pansy. 

Gamma Delta Tau was founded in 1896. The total membership 
is 68. The badge is a shield with eight concave sides outlined with a 
row of pearls. An inner shield of black enamel with four concave sides 
bears the three Greek letters in gold. The colors are green and gold, 
the flower, the daffodil. The pledge pin is of black enamel, identical in 
shape and size with the inner portion of the badge. 

Phi Kappa Zeta was founded in 1896. The total membership is 80. 
The badge is a five pointed star set with pearls along the edges. An inner 
raised star of black enamel bears the gold letters Phi Kappa Zeta. The 
colors are black and gold, the flower, the daffodil. 

Sigma Psi was founded in 1899. The total membership is 68. The 
badge is a shield with three concave sides, the edges outlined with pearls 
and the comers emphasized with emeralds. An inner raised portion of 
black enamel bears the Greek letters of the society^s name, the Sigma being 
placed above the Psi. The pledge pin is a monogram of the two letters, 



154 Statistical Data. 

the Sigma being of gold and the Psi of green enamel. The colors are green 
and gold, the flower the daffodil. The flag is a pennant with gold letters 
on a green background. The open motto is '' Ever faithful." 

Theta Phi Omega was founded in 1904. Its total membership is 41. 
The emblem is an inverted shield outlined with pearls, supporting an 
inner raised shield of black enamel, bearing the sorority letters in gold. 
The pledge pin is of gold and has four concave sides with an inner circle of 
black enamel. The colors are brown and gold, the flower, the yellow daisy. 



Coordinate Colleges. 

p^ The coordinate college is a hybrid in that it partakes 
of the nature of both the affiliated and the coeducational 
institution, but always with an increasing tendency toward 
the characteristics of the affiliated college. The segrega- 
tion policy inaugurated by the University of Chicago in 1902 
has been copied by a number of colleges especially in the 
East and Middle West. All these institutions were coeduca- 
tional for a longer or shorter period and made the change for a 
variety of reasons, one because of the increasing enrolment 
of women students, another because of the decreasing attendance 
of men students, a third to enable the women to enjoy a more 
distinct social life. At present separation in chapel exercises 
and in the required work of the college is as far as most of them 
have followed in the lead of Chicago. Strangel}^ enough the 
authorities in charge of the women of this large university are 
opposed to the admission of branches of the national sororities, 
while the small colleges welcome them heartily. 



Statistical Data. 155 

Bucknell University. 

Lewisburg, Pa. 

Baptist; Opened 1846; Women admitted 1880; Woman's 
College created 1905; Valuation $400,000; Endowment $700,000; 
Faculty 36, Men 35, Women 1; Students 514, Men 373, Women 
141; Tuition $50; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., 
A. M., M. S. 

Motto-None, Colors-Orange and Blue. 

Sororities-1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1904, Delta Deha Delta. 

Chicago University. 

Chicago, 111. 

Baptist; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Woman's 
Junior College created 1902; Valuation $9,000,000; Endow- 
ment $9,000,000; Faculty 373, Men 324, Women 49; Students 
4580, Men 2319, Women 2261; Tuition $120; Expenses $300; 
Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., S. B., A. M., Ph. M., S. M., Ph. D., D. B., 
Ed. B., LL. D., J. D. 

Motto-None. Color-Maroon, 

Sorority- Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) 

The Esoteric was founded in December, 1893. The total membership 
is 75. The badge is a half-inch square of gold, the entire space being 
covered with the word Esoteric in green and white enamel. The pledge 
pin is a square of green enamel displaying the letter' E in white enamel. 
The colors are green and white, the flower the white rose. 



156 Statistical Data 

The Monar Board was organized Xovember 10. 1894. The total 
membership is 9C>. The badge is of dark blue eiiam.el and is designed to 
represent a mortar board, the tassel being of gold. The pledge pin is a 
square with bevelled edges, bearing the letters M B in gold on a field of 
blue enamel. 

The Quadranglers was organized in January. 1S95. The total member- 
ship is So. The badge is a square of black enamel with gold edges, the 
lowest angle pierced with the letter Q. which is set with ten pearls, the tail 
of the Q being of black enamel. The colors are black and white. 

The Wy^-em was founded in October, 1S98. The total membership 
is 50. The badge is a W set with either pearls or diamonds and entwined 
with a winged dragon or wy^-em of gold. The pledged member wears a 
silver ring encircled by a dragon. The colors are gold and white, the 
flower the chrysanthemimi. The flag shows a white dragon on a yellow 
field. 

Phi Beta Delta was fotmded in December. 1899. The total member- 
ship is 50. The badge is an open equilateral triangle of rose gold, through 
which and aroimd which twines a winged dragon holding a sapphire in its 
mouth. The letters appear in the angles of the triangle. The pledge pin 
is an open triangle of dark blue enamel. The colors are dark blue and gold, 
the flower the yeUow chr^'santhemum. The jewel is the sapphire. 



Colby College. 

Wate^^^lle. Me. 

Baptist: Opened 1S20: Women admitted 1871; Woman's 
Di^ision created 1S90: Valuation $275,000: Endowment 
$470,000: Faculty 17. Men 15. Women 2: Students 240, Men 124, 
Women 116: Tuition $90: Expenses $160: Degrees. A. B.. B. S. 

Motto-Lux Mentis Scientia. Colors-Gray and Blue. 

Sororities-lS74. Sigma Kappa: 1906. Chi Omega: 1908. Delta Delta 
Delta. 



Statistical Data. 157 

Middlebury College. 

Middlebury, Vt. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1800; Women admitted 1883; 
Woman's College created 1902; Valuation $500,000; Endow- 
ment $600,000; Faculty 21, Men 20, Women 1; Students 228, 
Men 120, Women 108; Tuition $80; Expenses $250; Degrees, 
A. B., B. S., A. M. 

Motto-Scientia Et Virtics. Colors-Blue and White. 

Sorority-1893, Pi Beta Phi. 



158 Men's Featerxities. 



MEN'S FRATERNITIES. 

ALPIL\ CHI RHO-lSGo-Brooklj-n Pol. Inst., Columbia, ComeU, 
Dickinson. Lafayette, Pennsylvania, S\Tacuse, Trinity, Virginia, Washing- 
ton and Lee, Yale — 11. 

ALPHA DELTA PHI-1832-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, California, 
C. C. X. Y., Chicago, Columbia, ComeU, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Johns 
Hopkins. Kenyon, McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, Rochester, Toronto, 
Trinity. L'nion, Wesleyan, Western Reserve. Williams. Wisconsin, Yale — 24. 

ALPHA SIG^L\ PHI-lS45-Comell. Illinois, Marietta, Michigan, 
Ohio State, Yale — 6. 

ALPILl TAU OMEGA-lS6.5~Adrian. .-Uabama, .\la. Pol. Inst., 
Albion, Brown, California, Charleston, Chicago, Colby, Colorado, Columbia, 
Cornell. Emory, Florida. Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., HiUsdale, lUinois, 
Iowa State CoUege, Kansas, Kentucky, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., 
Mercer, Michigan. Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. L^nion, Muhlenburg, Nebraska, 
Xorth Carolina, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 
College. Purdue, Rose Pol. Inst.. Simpson, St. Lawrence, Southern, South- 
western Presbyterian, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity (X. C), Tufts, Tulane, 
I^nion L'niversity. L^niversity of the South, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Virginia, 
Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, 
Western Reserve, Wisconsin, Wittenberg, Wooster, Worcester Pol. Inst. 
—60. 

BETA THETA PI-1839-.Ajnherst. Beloit, Bethany, Boston, Bowdoin, 
Brown. California. Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colgate, Colorado, 
Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Da\ddson, Denison, Denver, DePauw, 
Dickinson, Hampden-Sydney, Hanover, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State 
CoUege, Iowa Wesleyan, Johns Hopkins, Kansas Kenyon, Knox, Lehigh, 
Maine, Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Xebraska, X'orth CaroHna, 
X'onhwestem, Ohio, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Oregon, 



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Men's Fraternities. 159 

Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rutgers, Stanford, Stevens, 
St. Lawrence, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Union, Vanderbilt, Virginia, 
Wabash, Washington, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, 
Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Westminster, West Virginia, Wisconsin, 
Wittenberg, Wooster, Yale — 72. 

CHI PHI-1824-Amherst, Cahfomia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Emory, 
Franklin and Marshall, Hampden-Sydney, Georgia, Ga., Sch. Tech., La- 
fayette, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., Ohio State, Rensselaer, Rutgers, Shef- 
field, Stevens, Texas, Vanderbilt — 19. 

CHI PSI-1 841 -Amherst, California, Chicago, Cornell, Georgia, Hamil- 
ton, Lehigh, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Rutgers, Stanford, Stevens, 
Union, Wesleyan, Williams, Wisconsin — 17. 

DELTA KAPPA EPSILON-1844-Alabama, Amherst, Bowdoin, 
Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Central, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, Columbia, 
Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Hamilton, Illinois, Kenyon, Lafayette, 
Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, 
Mississippi, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Rochester, Rutgers, 
Stanford, Syracuse, Toronto, Trinity, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wes- 
leyan, Western Reserve, Williams, Wisconsin, Yale — 42. 

DELTA PHI-1827-Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Le- 
high, New York, Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Rutgers, Sheffield, Union, 
Virginia — 12. 

DELTA PSI-1847-Columbia, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mississippi, Penn- 
sylvania, Sheffield, Trinity, Virginia, Williams — 8 

DELTA SIGMA PHI-1901-Ala. Pol. Inst., C. C. N. Y., Columbia, 
Cornell, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Trinity (Texas), Washington and 
Lee— 9. 

DELTA TAU DELTA-1859-Albion, Allegheny, Armour Inst. Tech., 
Baker, Brown, California, Chicago, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell, Dart- 
mouth, DePauw, Emory, George Washington, Hillsdale, Kenyon, Illinois, 



160 Men's Fraternities. 

Indiana, Indianapolis, Iowa, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., 
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Nebraska, Northwestern, 
Ohio State, Ohio, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Rensselaer, 
Stanford, Stevens, Texas, Tulane, Tufts, University of the South, Vander- 
bilt, Virginia, Wabash, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, 
Washington and Lee, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, West Virginia, Wiscon- 
sin — 52. 

DELTA UPSILON-1834-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, California, 
Chicago, Colby, Colgate, Columbia, Cornell, DePauw, Hamilton, Harvard, 
Illinois, Lafayette, Lehigh, Marietta, Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Miami, 
Middlebury, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, Northwestern, 
Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Rutgers, Stanford, Swart hmore, 
Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, LTnion, Western Reserve, Williams, Wisconsin 
—38. 

KAPPA ALPHA (Northern )-l 82 5-Comell, Hobart, Lehigh, McGiU, 
Toronto, Williams, Union — 7. 

KAPPA ALPHA (Southem)-1865-Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, 
Bethany, California, Central, Charleston, Davidson, Delaware, Drury, 
Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Georgetown (Ky.), George Wash- 
ington, Hampden-Sydney, Johns Hopkins, Kentucky State, Louisiana, 
Mercer, Millsaps, Mississippi, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, North Carolina, 
N. C. A. & M. C, Oklahoma, Randolph-Macon, Richmond, Southern, 
Southwestern, Stanford, Tennessee, Texas, Transylvania, Trinity (N. C), 
Tulane, University of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington, Wash- 
ington and Lee, Westminster, West Virginia, William and Mary, William 
Jewell — 47. 

KAPPA SIGMA-1869-Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, Baker, 
Bowdoin, Brown, Bucknell, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado College, 
Col. Sch. Mines, Cornell, Cumberland, Dartmouth, Da\ddson, Denver, 
Dickinson, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., George Washington, Hampden-Sydeny, 
Harvard, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kentucky 
State, Lake Forest, Lehigh, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Mass. Ag. Col., 
Mercer, Michigan, Millsaps, Minnesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, Nebraska, 



Men's Fraternities. 161 

New York, New Hampshire, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Ohio State, 
Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Randolph- 
Macon, Riclmaond, Southwestern, Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, 
Swarthmore, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Vander- 
bilt, Vermont, Virginia, University of the South, Wabash, Washburn, 
Washington, Washington State, Washington State College, Washington 
and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, William and Mary, William Jewell, 
Wisconsin — 77. 

PHI DELTA THETA-1848-Alabama, Ala., Pol. Inst., Allegheny, 
Amherst, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colby, Colorado, 
Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Dickinson, Emory, Franklin, 
Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hanover, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa 
Wesleyan, Kansas, Kentucky State, Knox, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lombard, 
McGill, Mercer, Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Ne- 
braska, North Carolina, Northwestern, Ohio, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, 
Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Ran- 
dolph-Macon, South Dakota, Southwestern, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, 
Toronto, Tulane, Union, University of the South, Vanderbilt, Vermont, 
Virginia, Wabash, Washington, Washington State, Washington and 
Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Westminster, Williams, Wisconsin — 72. 

PHI GAMMA DELTA-1848--Alabama, Allegheny, Amherst, Bethel, 
Brown, Bucknell, California, Chicago, Colgate, Colorado College, Columbia, 
Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, DePauw, Hanover, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, 
Indiana, Iowa State College, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Knox, Lafayette, 
Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, 
New York, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 
College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Richmond, Stanford, Syracuse, 
Tennessee, Texas, Trinity, Union, Virginia, Wabash, Washington State, 
Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Western Reserve, William 
Jewell, Wisconsin, Wittenberg, Wooster, Worcester, Yale — 57. 

PHI KAPPA PSI-1852-Allegheny, Amherst, Brown, Brooklyn Pol- 
Inst., Bucknell, California, Case, Chicago, Colgate, Columbia, Cornells 
Dartmouth, DePauw, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, Illinois, Indiana, 



162 Men's Fraternities. 

Iowa, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Lafayette, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, 
Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsyl- 
vania, Pennsylvania College, Purdue, Stanford, &warthmore, Syracuse, 
Texas, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg — 44. 

PHI KAPPA SIGMA-1850-Alabama, Armour, California, Chicago, 
Columbia, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, Ga. Sch. Tech., Illinois, 
Maine, Maryland, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, 
Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, Richmond, Tulane, Vander- 
bilt, Virginia, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, West 
Virginia, Wisconsin — 26. 

PHI SIGMA KAPPA-1873-Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Columbia, 
Cornell, Dartmouth, Franklin and Marshall, George Washington, Lehigh, 
Maryland, Mass. Agr. Col., Mass. Inst. Tech., Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 
College, Queens, Stevens, St. John's, St. Lawrence, Swart hmore, Union 
Virginia, West Virginia, Williams, Yale — 24. 

PI KAPPA ALPHA-1868-Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, Davidson, 
Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Georgetown (Ky.), Hampden-Sydney, 
Kentucky, Kentucky State, Louisiana, Millsaps, Mo. Sch. Mines, North 
Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, Presbyterian, Richmond, Roanoke, 
Southern, Southwestern Presbyterian, Tennessee, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, 
University of the South, Virginia, Washington and Lee, William and Mary 
—28. 

PSI UPSILON-1833-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, CaHfomia, Chicago, 
Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Kenyon, Lehigh, Michigan, 
Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Syracuse, Trinity, Union, 
Wesleyan, Wisconsin, Yale — 22. 

SIGMA ALPHA EPSILON-1856-Adrian, Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., 
Allegheny, Arkansas, Bethel, Boston, Bucknell, California, Case, Central, 
Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado, Col. Sch. Mines, Columbia, Cornell, Cumber- 
land, Dartmouth, Davidson, Denver, Dickinson, Emory, Franklki, George 
Washington, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Harvard, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
Iowa State College, Kansas, Kentucky State, Louisiana, Maine, Mass. 



Men's Fraternities. 163 

Inst. Tech., Mercer, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mt. Union, 
Nebraska, North CaroHna, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, 
Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, 
Purdue, Southern, Southwestern Baptist, Southwestern Presbyterian, 
Stanford, St. Stephen's, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Tulane, University of 
the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Washing- 
ton and Lee, Wisconsin, Worcester — 70. 

SIGMA CHI-1855-Albion, Arkansas, Beloit, Bucknell, Butler, Cali- 
fornia, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado College, Columbia, 
Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, DePauw, Dickinson, George Washington, 
Hanover, Hobart, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, 
Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Miami, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North 
Dakota, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Penn- 
sylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Pittsburg, Purdue, Southern Cali- 
fornia, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, Tulane, Utah, Vanderbilt, Virginia, 
Wabash, Washington, Washington State, Washington and Lee, West 
Virginia, Wisconsin, Wooster — 6L 

SIGMA NU-1869-Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Albion, Arkansas, 
Bethany, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Col. Sch. Mines, Columbia, 
Cornell, Cornell College (Iowa), Dartmouth, DePauw, Emory, Georgia, 
Ga. Sch. Tech., Howard, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, 
Kansas, Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lombard, Louisiana, Mercer, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, Montana, Mt. Union, North 
Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, Northwestern, Nebraska, Ohio 
State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, 
Rose Pol. Inst., Stanford, Stevens, Syracuse, Texas, Tulane, Vanderbilt, 
Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Washington and Lee, 
Western Reserve, West Virginia, William Jewell, Wisconsin — 63. 

SIGMA PHI-1827-Cornell, Hamilton, Hobart, Lehigh, Michigan, 
Union, Vermont, Williams, Wisconsin — 9. 

SIGMA PHI EPSILON-1901-Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, Colorado, 
Dartmouth, Delaware, Ga. Sch. Tech., Ilhnois (Med. Col.), Jefferson Med. 



164 Men's Fraternities. 

Col., Lehigh, X. C. A. <k M. C, Norwich, Ohio yorthem, Ohio State, Penn- 
sylvania,. Pittsburg. Purdue, Randolph-Macon, Richmond, Syracuse, 
Trinity (N. C). Virginia, Va. Mil. Inst., Washington and Lee, West Vir- 
ginia, Wilham and Mary — 25. 

SIGMA PI-1752-Califorma, Chicago, Illinois, Ohio State, Vincennes 
— 5. 

THETA CHI-lg56-Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Norwich, Rensselaer, 
Worcester — 5. 

THETA DELTA CHI-lS4S-.\mherst, Boston, Bowdoin, Brown, 
California, C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, Danmouth, George Washington, 
Hamilton, Harvard, Hobart, Illinois, Lafayette, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., 
McGill. Michigan. Minnesota, Rochester, Stanford, Tufts, William and 
Mar\', Williams, Wisconsin — 26. 

THETA XI-1864-Columbia. ComeU, Iowa State CoUege. Lehigh, 
Mass. Inst. Tech., Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rensselaer, Sheffield, 
Stevens, Washington — 11. 

ZETA PSI-1847-Bowdoin. Brown. California, Case, Colby, Columbia, 
Cornell, Lafayette, McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, North Caro- 
lina, Pennsylvania, Rutgers, Stanford, Syracuse. Toronto, Tufts, Virginia, 
Williams, Yale— 22. 



d^emocantia 



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Sntrex 



PAGE 

The Higher Education of Women 1 

The Evolution of the Sorority System 9 

Distribution of Chapters 15 

Extension 17 

Standards 24 

Government 30 

Publications 30 

Alumnae Associations 33 

Chapter Houses 36 

Pan-Hellenism 37 

The Congress of Fraternities 38 

The Inter-Sorority Conferences 39 

The Mission of the Sorority 44 

Literary Sororities. Class A 60 

Alpha Chi Omega 60 

Alpha Delta Phi 61 

Alpha Gamma Delta 62 

Alpha Kappa Psi 63 

Alpha Omicron Pi 63 

Alpha Phi 64 

Alpha Sigma Alpha 65 

Alpha Xi Delta 66 

Beta Sigma Omicron 67 

Chi Omega 68 

Delta Delta Delta 70 

Delta Gamma 71 

Delta Zeta 72 

Gamma Phi Beta i^ 

Kappa Alpha Theta 74 

Kappa Delta 75 



PAGE 

Kappa Kappa Gamma 77 

Phi Mu 78 

Phi Mu Gamma 79 

Pi Beta Phi 80 

Sigma Kappa 81 

Sigma Sigma Sigma 82 

Zeta Tau Alpha 83 

Literary Sororities. Class B 84 

Eta Upsilon Gamma 84 

Sigma Iota Chi 85 

Theta Chi 86 

Musical Sororities 87 

Mu Phi Epsilon 88 

Sigma Alpha Iota 89 

Medical. Sororities 90 

Alpha Epsilon Iota 90 

Epsilon Tau 91 

Zeta Phi 91 

Necrology of Chapters 93 

Honorary Societies Admitting Women 95 

Phi Beta Kappa 95, 102 

Sigma Xi 100, 104 

Phi Kappa Phi 101, 104 

Alpha Omega Alpha 102, 105 

The Association of Collegiate Alumnae 107 

Southern Association of College Women 108 

Statistical Data 109 

Coeducational Colleges 109 

Independent Colleges for Women 138 

Affiliated Colleges 149 

(Barnard, Brown, Florida, Newcomb, Radcliffe, Western Reserve) 

Coordinate Colleges 154 

(Bucknell, Chicago, Colby, Middlebury) 

Men's Literary Fraternities .j:^. 158 



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